Soviet Nuremberg? Investigations and trials against perpetrators of the Great Terror in Soviet Union 1938-1941 and 1954-1961

苏联纽伦堡？

• 批准号: 236175271
• 负责人: Privatdozent Dr. Marc Junge
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl für Osteuropäische Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2012-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/236175271?language=en
• 关键词: Soviet; Nuremberg; Investigations; trials; against

There was no equivalent of the Nuremberg trials in the Soviet Union. The Nuremberg trials punished officials of the 3. Reich for war-crimes and crimes against humanity and opened a window onto the world of the Nazi perpetrator. In the absence of regime change, nothing of the kind occurred neither in the Soviet Union nor in the post Soviet Russian Republic. The Soviet perpetrator of the Great Terror remained and remains largely in the shadows. There were, however, two intriguing, yet almost entirely unexplored historical episodes in which Soviet perpetrators, largely secret police personnel, were put on trial. The object of research of this project are the exemplarily and in some cases and periods well recorded investigations and proceedings against perpetrators of the Great Terror in the Soviet Union in the period 1938-1961. The pivot are the investigations and proceedings of the so-called Little Berija Thaw of 1938-1941 in the Ukraine: On January 9, 1939, for example, the former leader of the Prison Division of the Ukranian Secret Service in the region Zhitomir, M. Z. Gluzman, testified that the execution commando had removed gold teeth and crowns from the persons executed. Further, he reported that the execution proceedings were simplified. 100 persons were bound together and then executed through beatings on the head with iron rods. The project's investigation gains its historical dimension, however, on the one hand through a comparison of the core materials from the years 1938-1941 with investigations and proceedings against Trotzkyite conspiracies in the NKVD immediately before 1938, that is, between 1936 and summer 1938 and on the other hand through drawing on investigation and proceedings records against perpetrators from the years 1954-1961 in Georgia, which have also thematized the violations of socialist law during the Stalin era. The main thesis is: Already at the end of the thirties 1938-1941, the ground work for a broad judicial investigation of violations of socialist law had been laid in the Soviet Union. The will for clarification, paired with the contradictions of the political system, is the distinguishing feature. Further sensitised through the genuine Nuremberg Trails and finally made possible by De-Stalinisation, as indecisive as it was, this coalesced in the fifties in large (Georgia, Leningrad) and small (country-wide) perpetrator trials that on the basis of the court records of the Little Berija Thaw and the new proceedings contributed to actual clarification of crimes and finally made possible the rehabilitation of thousands of victims of the Stalin era. A willingness for enlightenment paired with political tactics of deception is the characteristic feature of both periods. On the basis of the newly discovered materials (trial documents and personal documents of secret service personnel) particular Soviet perpetrator typologies can be drawn up that differ significantly from those in National Socialist Germany.

在苏联没有类似的纽伦堡审判。纽伦堡审判惩罚了3.赖希的战争罪和反人类罪，并打开了一扇窗口，了解世界的纳粹罪犯。在没有政权更迭的情况下，苏联和后苏联的俄罗斯共和国都没有发生这种情况。大恐怖的苏联肇事者仍然存在，而且在很大程度上仍然处于阴影之中。然而，有两个有趣的，但几乎完全未被探索的历史事件，其中苏联肇事者，主要是秘密警察人员，受到审判。该项目的研究对象是1938 - 1961年期间对苏联大恐怖肇事者进行的典型调查和诉讼，在某些情况下和时期，这些调查和诉讼有很好的记录。 支点是所谓的小贝里贾解冻的1938 - 1941年在乌克兰的调查和诉讼：在1939年1月9日，例如，前领导人的监狱司乌克兰特勤局在该地区Zhitomir，M. z. Gluzman作证说，处决突击队从被处决者身上取下了金牙和金冠。此外，他报告说，执行程序已经简化。100人被绑在一起，然后用铁棒殴打头部。然而，该项目的调查获得了其历史维度，一方面，通过将1938 - 1941年的核心材料与1938年之前NKVD对托洛茨基阴谋的调查和诉讼进行比较，也就是说，另一方面，通过利用1954年以来对肇事者的调查和诉讼记录，1961年在格鲁吉亚，这也有主题的违反社会主义法律在斯大林时代。主要论点是：早在30年代末（1938年至1941年），苏联就已经为对违反社会主义法律的行为进行广泛的司法调查奠定了基础。澄清的意愿与政治制度的矛盾相结合，是其显著特征。通过真正的纽伦堡审判进一步敏感化，并最终通过去斯大林化成为可能，尽管它是犹豫不决的，但这在50年代大部分时间里都是一致的（格鲁吉亚，列宁格勒）和小（全国）根据小贝里贾解冻时期的法庭记录和新的诉讼程序对犯罪者进行的审判有助于实际澄清罪行，并最终使成千上万的斯大林受害者得以康复。时代启蒙的意愿与欺骗的政治策略相结合是这两个时期的特征。根据新发现的材料（审判文件和秘密服务人员的个人文件），可以得出与国家社会主义德国截然不同的苏联罪犯类型。