The Water Works' Camps in the Lublin District, 1940-1942. Hubs of the Persecution of Jews in the General Government?

这项研究项目探讨了1940至1942年间被占领的波兰犹太人口遭受迫害的主旋律--总政府的非工业部署政策。调查的核心是一项关于公共资助的建筑项目的实证研究，这些项目利用犹太劳动力代表水资源管理部门(营养和农业部内)排水农田。利用卢布林地区约60个难民营(整个GG共有约170个难民营)以前未发现的档案资料，该项目通过对党卫军和德国国防军的比较，扩大了我们对强迫劳动使用的了解。它详细说明了在与卢布林供水工程有关的营地对犹太人的致命虐待，并在这些地区与索比卜和BełżEC的大规模灭绝营地之间建立了关键的因果联系。结果将以专著和(使用数字工具)用于大学和研究目的的互动地图的形式公布。他们描绘了犹太强迫劳工从波兰的犹太人区多次流离失所的核心意义，以及从西欧和东欧的驱逐火车进入劳工和灭绝集中营的核心意义，对于大屠杀。从方法论的角度，该项目从四个角度分析了难民营中犹太工人的经历：德国政府、犹太援助组织、居住在难民营附近的非犹太居民和犹太工人。利用最新的大屠杀研究地理方法，该项目认识到，在种族灭绝迫害的早期阶段，改良营地是岌岌可危的生存中心，在那里，工资和食物等主要生存先决条件几乎不存在。与现有的研究不同，我认为，首先，在杀害犹太人的过程中，这种强迫劳动比犹太人化更具决定性。其次，我主张通过以实践为导向的研究，在两种迫害策略之间进行明显的分析区分。纳粹出于卫生原因建立了犹太人区，以便将犹太人集中在某些地方，而建立强迫劳动营则采取了另一种方式。从1940年开始，犹太人被转移到自来水厂的营地，借口是他们被部署为强迫劳动，但当局忽视了基本的卫生设施。这项对非工业劳动力配置的调查提供了纳粹企图有系统地恶化犹太人口的社会经济条件，以有意识地减少必须安置在成本密集型犹太人区的犹太人数量的具体证据。我的项目连接了多个迫害场所：通过Judenlager、临时营地和犹太人区，水务工作营地的工人是一项基本但种族灭绝政策的受害者，这项政策最终导致了大屠杀的实施。

This research project explores the non-industrial deployment policy of the General Government (GG) as a leitmotif of the persecution of the Jewish population in occupied Poland between 1940 and 1942. At the core of the investigation is an empirical study on publicly-funded construction projects which ex-ploited Jewish labor to drain farmland on behalf of the branch for water management (within the Department for Nutrition and Agriculture). Using previously undiscovered archival sources from about 60 camps across the Lublin district (with altogether ca. 170 camps across the entire GG), this project expands our knowledge of the use of forced labor through a comparison of the SS and the Wehrmacht. It details the lethal mistreatment of Jews at camps associated with Lublin’s water works, and also makes a critical causal link between these areas and the mass extermination camps at Sobibór and Bełżec. Results will be published both in a monograph and (using digital tools) interactive maps intended for university and research purposes. They visualize the central significance of multiple displacements of Jewish forced laborers from the ghettoes in Poland, as well as from deportation trains from West and East Central Europe into Labor and Extermination Camps, for the Holocaust. From a methodological point of view, the project analyzes the experiences of Jewish workers in the camps from four perspectives: the German Government, Jewish Help Organizations, non-Jewish residents who lived close to the camps, and the Jewish workers. Making use of the most up-to-date geographical approaches to Holocaust Studies, the project recognizes melioration camps as precarious hubs of survival in the early stages of genocidal persecution, where the main preconditions for survival like wages and food barely existed. In contrast to existing research, I argue, firstly, that this type of forced labor was more decisive than ghettoization in regard to the process of murdering Jews. Secondly, I advocate for a stark analytical differentiation be-tween both persecution strategies through practice-oriented research. While the Nazis established ghettoes for sanitary reasons to concentrate Jewish populations in certain places, the installation of forced labor camps took another course. Starting in 1940, Jews were transferred to camps at water works under the pretext of them being deployed as forced labor, but authorities neglected elementary sanitation. This investigation of non-industrial labor deployment provides concrete evidence of Nazi at-tempts to systematically deteriorate the socioeconomic conditions of the Jewish population to consciously reduce the number of Jews that would have to be housed in cost-intensive ghettos. My project connects multiple venues of persecution: through Judenlager, transit camps, and ghettos, the workers at the water work camps were victims of a rudimentary but genocidal policy which ultimately led to the implementation of the Holocaust.