Between Black and White: South Africa's Coloureds and Apartheid

该项目将分析南非有色人种在种族隔离期间的状况。在很长一段时间里，谁属于有色人种并不确定。只有1948年后的种族隔离国家才引入了专断的区别。这反过来又造成了历史上的人口异质性以及肤色的模糊性。直到19世纪，有色人种这个术语才开始被使用，但没有明确的区分。荷兰东印度公司统治期间的区别，根据一个庄园社会，受到地位类别的影响。他们的基础是关于奴隶的自由和不自由的区别，以及关于霍伊桑人的基督徒和异教徒的区别。直到19世纪初，这两种区别都越来越与肤色相一致。直到那时，不同群体的不同名字出现了，这些名字被聚集在“有色人种”的保护伞下：霍坦托人和布什曼人代表科伊桑人，混蛋霍坦托人代表由奴隶和霍伊桑人组成的所谓混合人口。除此之外，还进一步确定了不同种族的群体，如格里库人或开普马来人。然而，这些被殖民统治制度淹没的人口从未得到明确的限制。“有色人种”仍然是一个开放的范畴，因为个体从“白色”到“有色人种”的转换发生了，反之亦然。只有随着种族隔离的到来，才出现了明显的区别。该州通过立法确保从今以后的归属是明确的。因此，有色人种是通过外部归属从外部构建的，但他们拒绝特别被定义为一个单独的、可识别的种族群体。因此，该项目将在早期阶段将重点放在政治上占主导地位的白人少数群体作为观察者，但在后期阶段也将侧重于自我观察和与其他人口群体的识别。这最终导致了许多被这样命名的人对这个词的排斥。这个项目将分析谁是有色人种，他们将自己定位为国家强加给他们的身份。这意味着仍然可以在许多文献中找到的“合作”和“抵抗”之间的二分法必须是有问题的。人们可以在与国家的政治关系中观察到模糊，而不是明确的归属。在抗议运动的背景下，种族隔离机构进行了颠覆性的适应，就像公开抵抗一样，但有色人种在其成员中占少数。这个项目将关注的历史时代是20世纪60年代到90年代，种族隔离的高潮和最后阶段。70年代以前的研究主要集中在外部观察上，而后期的研究主要是自我观察。

This project will analyse the situation of the South African coloured people during apartheid. For a long time there was no certainty who belonged to the coloureds. It was only the apartheid state after 1948 that introduced an arbitrary distinction. This in turn produced ambiguity for population heterogeneous historically as well as it skin colour. Only during the 19th century the term people of colour became used but without making clear distinctions. Distinction during the rule of the Dutch East India Company were influenced by categories of status according to an estate society. Their basis were the distinctions between free and unfree in relation to slaves, and Christian vs. heathen in relation to the Khoisan population. Both distinctions until the early 19th century increasingly became congruent with skin colour. Up to that time diverse namings for different groups of people emerged that were brought together under the umbrella of "people of colour": hottentots and bushmen for Khoisan, Bastard hottentots for a so-called mixed population made up of slaves and Khoisan. Besides these there were further identifications of ethnically distinct groups as the Griqua or the Cape Malays. However, this population which became submerged in the system of colonial rule was never clearly circumscribed. "Coloured" remained somthing like an open category, because transformations of individuals from "white" to "coloured" and vice versa occured and remained possible. It was only with the advent of apartheid that clear distinctions occured. The state made sure by legislation that ascriptions henceforth were unmistakable. Thus coloureds were constructed from outside via external ascriptions, but they rejected especially being defined as a separate and identifiable ethnic group. The project therefore will focus on the politically dominant white minority as an observant during the early phase, but also on self-observation and identification vis-a-vis other population groups in the later phase. This culminated in the very rejection of the term coloured by many of those people who were named as such. This project will analyse who coloureds positioned themselves towards an identity that forced upon them by the state. This implies that the dichotomy which still can be found in much of the literature between "collaboration" and "resistance" must be problematised. Instead of clear ascriptions, ambiguity can be observed in the political relationship to the state. There was subversive adaptation of apartheid institutions just as open resistance in the context of protest movements, but with coloureds as a minority of their membership. The historical era this project will focus on are the 1960s until the 1990s, the high tide and final period of apartheid. Research on the early years until the 1970s will concentrate on outside observation, whereas the later period problematises mainly selfobservation.