Between Black and White: South Africa's Coloureds and Apartheid

黑人与白人之间：南非的有色人种与种族隔离

• 批准号: 410851979
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Christoph Marx
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung für Außereuropäische Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Units
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/410851979?language=en
• 关键词: Between; Black; White; South; Africa

This project will analyse the situation of the South African coloured people during apartheid. For a long time there was no certainty who belonged to the coloureds. It was only the apartheid state after 1948 that introduced an arbitrary distinction. This in turn produced ambiguity for population heterogeneous historically as well as it skin colour. Only during the 19th century the term people of colour became used but without making clear distinctions. Distinction during the rule of the Dutch East India Company were influenced by categories of status according to an estate society. Their basis were the distinctions between free and unfree in relation to slaves, and Christian vs. heathen in relation to the Khoisan population. Both distinctions until the early 19th century increasingly became congruent with skin colour. Up to that time diverse namings for different groups of people emerged that were brought together under the umbrella of "people of colour": hottentots and bushmen for Khoisan, Bastard hottentots for a so-called mixed population made up of slaves and Khoisan. Besides these there were further identifications of ethnically distinct groups as the Griqua or the Cape Malays. However, this population which became submerged in the system of colonial rule was never clearly circumscribed. "Coloured" remained somthing like an open category, because transformations of individuals from "white" to "coloured" and vice versa occured and remained possible. It was only with the advent of apartheid that clear distinctions occured. The state made sure by legislation that ascriptions henceforth were unmistakable. Thus coloureds were constructed from outside via external ascriptions, but they rejected especially being defined as a separate and identifiable ethnic group. The project therefore will focus on the politically dominant white minority as an observant during the early phase, but also on self-observation and identification vis-a-vis other population groups in the later phase. This culminated in the very rejection of the term coloured by many of those people who were named as such. This project will analyse who coloureds positioned themselves towards an identity that forced upon them by the state. This implies that the dichotomy which still can be found in much of the literature between "collaboration" and "resistance" must be problematised. Instead of clear ascriptions, ambiguity can be observed in the political relationship to the state. There was subversive adaptation of apartheid institutions just as open resistance in the context of protest movements, but with coloureds as a minority of their membership. The historical era this project will focus on are the 1960s until the 1990s, the high tide and final period of apartheid. Research on the early years until the 1970s will concentrate on outside observation, whereas the later period problematises mainly selfobservation.

这个项目将分析种族隔离时期南非有色人种的处境。在很长一段时间里，谁属于有色人种都不确定。1948年之后，南非实行种族隔离制度，才引入了这种武断的区分。这反过来又产生了历史上人口异质性和肤色的模糊性。直到19世纪，有色人种这个词才被使用，但没有明确的区别。在荷兰东印度公司统治期间，根据地产社会的地位类别，区分受到影响。他们的基础是奴隶之间自由和不自由的区别，以及科伊桑人口之间基督徒和异教徒的区别。直到19世纪早期，这两种区别逐渐与肤色一致。直到那个时候，不同群体的人出现了各种各样的名字，这些名字被聚集在“有色人种”的保护伞下：霍屯督人和布须曼人被称为科伊桑人，私生子霍屯督人被称为由奴隶和科伊桑人组成的所谓混合人口。除此之外，还有进一步的种族区分，如格里夸人或开普马来人。然而，这些淹没在殖民统治体系中的人口从未得到明确的限制。“有色人种”仍然是一个开放的范畴，因为个人从“白人”到“有色人种”的转变发生了，而且仍然是可能的。只有在种族隔离制度出现之后，才出现了明显的差别。州政府通过立法确保从此以后的归属是准确无误的。因此，有色人种是通过外部归属从外部构建的，但他们特别拒绝被定义为一个独立的、可识别的种族群体。因此，该项目在早期阶段将把重点放在政治上占主导地位的白人少数群体作为观察者，但在后期阶段也将放在自我观察和与其他人口群体的认同上。这最终导致了许多被称为有色人种的人对这个词的拒绝。这个项目将分析哪些有色人种将自己定位于国家强加给他们的身份。这意味着，在许多文献中仍然可以找到的“合作”和“抵抗”之间的二分法必须提出问题。在与国家的政治关系中，可以观察到模棱两可，而不是明确的归属。他们颠覆性地适应了种族隔离制度，就像在抗议运动背景下的公开抵抗一样，但有色人种在他们的成员中只占少数。这个项目将关注的历史时代是20世纪60年代到90年代，这是种族隔离的高潮和最后时期。从早期到20世纪70年代的研究将集中于外部观察，而后期主要是自我观察的问题。