Failure in a field of success - phylogeny, classification and palaeodiversity of Slit Shells (order Pleurotomariida: Gastropoda)

在《一个成功领域的失败--狭缝贝壳的系统发育、分类和古多样性(腹足目：腹足目)》项目的头两年，我们根据本项目的研究计划，出版了关于石炭纪、二叠纪和三叠纪的三部全面的分类专著。分类学分析非常成功，在对类型材料和保存完好的非类型材料的形态特征进行彻底重新评估的基础上，导致了许多澄清(例如，新的组合)。这些分类上的澄清构成了系统发育和多样性分析的基本前提。在这些专著中，我们描述了149种(102种，其中许多是属的模式种)，其中包括31新种(22种)和11新种。我们记录了许多分类群未知的早期贝壳形态和个体发育，改进了描述术语，并在属和科水平上修订了分类。此外，在用于系统发育分析的收集访问期间，对500个标本(属于400多个物种)进行了研究和拍照，其中包括重要的模式材料。由于电晕大流行，计划中的一半收集访问和数据获取无法进行(特别是计划中的美国和西西里之行不得不取消)。在某种程度上，我们成功地克服了这一点，我们在慕尼黑自己的收藏品、维也纳、伦敦和Cortina d‘Ampezzo的收藏品以及文献分析方面进行了密集的工作。然而，重新设计我们最初的工作计划，以及在封锁期间进入我们的研究设施受到限制，导致计划中的分析工作出现延误，这些分析工作正在顺利进行，但需要更多时间。系统发育分析和多样性动态调查是最初项目的两个主要目标。多样性分析的第一个结果即将公布，系统发育分析正在进行中(字符编码和数据矩阵)。两者都需要更多的详细说明，因此延长项目工期是可取的。因此，我正在申请将资金再延长一年。在延长的一年内，将完成系统发育分析和多样性分析，结果将作为两份单独的手稿提交。在系统发育分析中，将使用简约分析和贝叶斯推断方法(化石出生死亡模型)。在多样性分析中，将采用抽样标准化技术研究多样性的变化，并对环境亲和力假说进行考察。初步分析表明，古生代腹足动物类群(包括侧足纲)具有碳酸盐亲和性，并在中生代被具有更广泛环境亲和性的类群所取代。

During the first two years of the project “Failure in a field of success - phylogeny, classification and palaeodiversity of slit shells (order Pleurotomariida: Gastropoda)” we produced three comprehensive taxonomic monographs on Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic Pleurotomariida, in accordance with our research plan for the current project. The taxonomic analyses were very successful and led to numerous clarifications (e.g., new combinations) based on a thorough re-evaluation of morphological characters of type material and well-preserved non-type material. These taxonomic clarifications form an essential prerequisite for phylogenetic and diversity analyses. In these monographs we described 149 species (102 Pleurotomariida, many of them type species of genera), including 31 new species (22 Pleurotomariida) and 11 new pleurotomariidan genera. We documented previously unknown early shell morphology and ontogenetic development of many taxa, improved the descriptive terminology and revised classification of Pleurotomariida on the genus and family level. Additionally, 500 specimens (belonging to more than 400 species) including important type material have been studied and photographed during the collection visits to be used in the phylogenetic analyses. Half of the planned collection visits and data acquisition could not be conducted due to the corona pandemic (especially the planned trip to the US and Sicily had to be cancelled). To a certain degree we were successful to overcome this by intense work on our own collections in Munich, the collections in Vienna, London, and Cortina d'Ampezzo as well as literature analysis. However, the re-design of our original work plan as well as limited access to our research facilities during the lock-downs lead to delays for planned analyses which are well under way but need more time. Phylogenetic analyses and investigation of diversity dynamics were two main goals of the initial project. First result of diversity analysis is to be published soon and phylogenetic analyses are underway (character coding and data matrix). Both need more elaboration and thus an extension of the project duration is desirable. I am therefore applying for an extension of funding for one more year. Within the extended year, the phylogenetic analysis and the diversity analysis will be completed, and the results will be submitted as two separate manuscripts. In the phylogenetic analysis, parsimony analysis and Bayesian inference methods (Fossilized Birth Death Model) will be employed. In the diversity analysis, the diversity change will be investigated with sampling standardization techniques and the environmental affinity hypothesis will be investigated. Preliminary analysis suggests carbonate affinity of Paleozoic gastropod taxa (including Pleurotomariida) and replacement of these groups by taxa with broader environmental affinity during the Mesozoic.