The Legal Pluralism of Early Modern Papacy:The Tribunals of the Papal Nuncios in the Portugal Empire and in the Republic of Venice (1650-1750)

该研究项目旨在通过对教廷大使法庭的微观历史分析，调查教皇管辖权所发挥的跨文化功能。通过这种方式，它打算重新考虑教皇作为一个政治机构在近代世界早期所发挥的作用，一方面，该项目将表明，直到18世纪的开明改革，教皇在刑事和民事事项上都履行着世界范围的司法职能。与15世纪和16世纪教皇将其政治特权让给欧洲君主国的观点相反，该项目旨在证明，教廷大使的法院继续在欧洲以及天主教国家的非欧洲殖民地主张和执行教皇管辖权。另一方面，它的目标是表明教皇的管辖权依赖于与世俗当局和天主教会本身的不同组成部分（修会、主教等）的分层法律的安排，以及不同社会行为者的参与。从这一观点出发，本项目将揭示出，在近代早期，教皇是世界上为数不多的在不同地区行使其司法权的机构之一。为了对教皇作为一个整体得出广泛的结论，本研究项目将集中在两个背景下：在里斯本的大使法庭和在威尼斯的大使法庭。这一比较研究的核心是两个考虑因素。首先，通过对这两个法院的分析，我们可以看到，教皇在世界各地，从巴西到欧洲不同地区，再到印度，都进行了实际的司法活动。其次，它将表明，在这样做的时候，大使的法院反映了一种高度分散的权力结构。教皇使节的法庭不仅大多由从当地法律的从业者中选出的当地法官主持，而且只在请愿者的直接请求下充当上诉法院。 因此，教皇大使的法庭也是社会和政治谈判的场所，当地行为者可以在这里内化和操纵教会规范。通过这种方式，研究项目将最终展示这些教皇法庭如何为当地非欧洲人口提供正义。

The research project aims to investigate the cross-cultural functions performed by the papal jurisdiction through a microhistorical analysis of the tribunals of the Nuncios. In this way, it intends to reconsider the role that the Papacy played as a political institution in the early modern world.On the one hand, the project will show that, until the enlightened reforms of the eighteenth century, the Papacy performed worldwide jurisdictional functions both in criminal and civil matters. Contrary to the opinion that the Papacy gave up its political prerogatives to the European monarchies during the 15th and 16th centuries, the project intends to demonstrate that the courts of the Nuncios continued to assert and enforce papal jurisdiction in Europe as well as in the non-European colonies of the Catholic state. On the other hand, it has the goal of showing that the jurisdictional power of the Papacy relied on layered legal arrangements with secular authorities and different components of the Catholic Church itself (religious orders, bishops, etc.), as well as on the participation of different social actors. In this view, the project will reveal that the Papacy was one of the very few institutions that exerted its jurisdictional power in different parts of the world in the course of the early modern period.In order to reach broad conclusions on the Papacy as a whole, this research project will focus on two contexts: that of the tribunal of the Nuncio in Lisbon and that of the Nuncio in Venice. Two considerations lay at the core of this comparative research. Firstly, the analysis of these two courts will make possible to see that the Papacy performed actual jurisdictional activities all over the world, from Brasil through different European regions to India. In the second place, it will show that, in doing so, the courts of the nuncios reflected a strongly decentralized structure of power. The courts of the papal nuncios were not only mostly presided over by local judges, chosen among local legal practitioners, but also acted only as appeal courts under the direct request of the petitioners. As a result, the courts of papal nuncios were also places of social and political negotiation, where local actors could internalize and manipulate Church norms.In this way, the research project will finally show how these papal tribunals provided justice to local, non-European populations.