The Legal Pluralism of Early Modern Papacy:The Tribunals of the Papal Nuncios in the Portugal Empire and in the Republic of Venice (1650-1750)

现代早期教皇的法律多元主义：葡萄牙帝国和威尼斯共和国的教皇大使法庭（1650-1750）

• 批准号: 416417562
• 负责人: Dr. Marco Cavarzere
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl für Geschichte der Frühen Neuzeit
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2018-12-31 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/416417562?language=en
• 关键词: Legal; Pluralism; Early; Modern; Papacy

The research project aims to investigate the cross-cultural functions performed by the papal jurisdiction through a microhistorical analysis of the tribunals of the Nuncios. In this way, it intends to reconsider the role that the Papacy played as a political institution in the early modern world.On the one hand, the project will show that, until the enlightened reforms of the eighteenth century, the Papacy performed worldwide jurisdictional functions both in criminal and civil matters. Contrary to the opinion that the Papacy gave up its political prerogatives to the European monarchies during the 15th and 16th centuries, the project intends to demonstrate that the courts of the Nuncios continued to assert and enforce papal jurisdiction in Europe as well as in the non-European colonies of the Catholic state. On the other hand, it has the goal of showing that the jurisdictional power of the Papacy relied on layered legal arrangements with secular authorities and different components of the Catholic Church itself (religious orders, bishops, etc.), as well as on the participation of different social actors. In this view, the project will reveal that the Papacy was one of the very few institutions that exerted its jurisdictional power in different parts of the world in the course of the early modern period.In order to reach broad conclusions on the Papacy as a whole, this research project will focus on two contexts: that of the tribunal of the Nuncio in Lisbon and that of the Nuncio in Venice. Two considerations lay at the core of this comparative research. Firstly, the analysis of these two courts will make possible to see that the Papacy performed actual jurisdictional activities all over the world, from Brasil through different European regions to India. In the second place, it will show that, in doing so, the courts of the nuncios reflected a strongly decentralized structure of power. The courts of the papal nuncios were not only mostly presided over by local judges, chosen among local legal practitioners, but also acted only as appeal courts under the direct request of the petitioners. As a result, the courts of papal nuncios were also places of social and political negotiation, where local actors could internalize and manipulate Church norms.In this way, the research project will finally show how these papal tribunals provided justice to local, non-European populations.

该研究项目旨在通过对大使法庭的微观历史分析，调查教皇管辖所履行的跨文化职能。通过这种方式，它打算重新考虑教皇在早期现代世界中作为一个政治机构所扮演的角色。一方面，该项目将表明，在18世纪开明的改革之前，教皇在刑事和民事事务方面都行使着世界性的司法职能。与教皇在15世纪和16世纪将其政治特权放弃给欧洲君主制的观点相反，该项目旨在证明，大使的法院继续在欧洲以及天主教国家的非欧洲殖民地主张和执行教皇的管辖权。另一方面，它的目的是表明，教皇的管辖权依赖于与世俗当局和天主教会本身的不同组成部分(宗教教派、主教等)以及不同社会行为者的参与的分层法律安排。在这种观点下，该项目将揭示教皇是近代早期在世界不同地区行使其管辖权的极少数机构之一。为了对整个教皇职位得出广泛的结论，本研究项目将集中在两个背景下：里斯本大使法庭和威尼斯大使法庭。这项比较研究的核心是两个考虑因素。首先，通过对这两个法院的分析，可以看到教皇在世界各地进行了实际的司法活动，从巴西到欧洲不同地区再到印度。其次，它将表明，在这样做的过程中，大使的法院反映了一个高度分散的权力结构。教宗大使的法院不仅主要由当地法律从业人员中挑选的当地法官主持，而且还仅在请愿人的直接请求下作为上诉法院。因此，教皇大使的法庭也是社会和政治谈判的场所，当地行为者可以在那里内化和操纵教会规则。通过这种方式，研究项目最终将展示这些教皇法庭如何为当地的非欧洲人伸张正义。