Practical Reasons before Kant (1720-1780)

该项目旨在通过关注历史辩论，促进有关伦理学实践原因的基本讨论。与此同时，它的目标是根据当代讨论来解释历史辩论。问题涉及三个层面。1.规范层面：代理人什么时候有理由做某事？2.（道德动机）的层次：实际原因如何激励？3.规范性之源的形而上学层面：实践理性的规范性是如何建立的？通过考察“前康德”理论，不仅可以避免当代概念（内在主义/外在主义）中固有的困难，而且还可以明确三个层次之间的关系。这些关系往往被忽视，由于日益分化的学院哲学。

The project aims at contributing to a fundamental discussion concerning practical reasons in ethics, by means of focusing on a historical debate. At the same time, its goal is to interpret a historical debate in light of a contemporary discussion. Questions concern three levels. 1. The normative level: When does an agent has a reason to do something? 2. The level of (moral motivation): How do practical reasons motivate? 3. The metaphysical level of the source of normativity: How is the normativity of practical reasons grounded? By looking at „pre-Kantian“ theories, it is not only possible to avoid difficulties inherent in contemporary conceptions (internalism/externalism), but also to make explicit the relations between the three levels. These relations are often neglected due to the growing differentiation in academic philosophy.