Design heuristics for target-oriented product development

设计创造力的本质是为开放的、复杂的和定义模糊的问题开发解决方案(Gonçalves等人)。2016)。对于这些问题，通常没有系统的方法可以提供给设计者以求出最优解。换句话说，既不可能列出给定问题的所有解决方案，也不可能证明给定解决方案的绝对优越性。在缺乏系统方法的情况下，可以以试探法的形式向设计者提供指导，即已被证明导致满意解决方案但不能保证是最优的解决方案。国际研究界做出了巨大努力，以确定设计策略，这些策略在大多数情况下源于经验，在大多数情况下遵循X设计(DfX)的定义目标，例如环境方面(例如Telenko等人)。2016)。这些启发式方法的目的是将各个DfX流的本质提取到一个总结的知识库中，以用于具体的设计情况或教育目的。虽然许多设计启发式方法已经在整个科学文献中发表，但在评估它们支持实际知识转移的能力方面投入的努力较少。已发表的启发式规则集通常结构薄弱，难以导航，部分竞争和重叠，并提供不同级别的详细信息。因此，它们不能提供足够的清晰度和可用性来集成到日常工程实践和教育中。此外，启发式对设计绩效影响的经验证据仍然是片面的，需要进一步的研究。这一研究项目的总体科学目标是提高设计启发式的能力，以在产品设计过程和设计教育中导致知识转移。这需要阐明设计启发式的基本结构以及它们所表达的因果关系。这也需要调查数字化和可视化对启发式方法的实际影响的影响，以及表征这种影响的能力。该项目的预测结果--更好地描述设计启发式的形式主义以及启发式可视化和交互的经验验证机制--预计将适用于整个工程领域。

The essence of design creativity is to develop solutions for open, complex and ill-defined problems (Gonçalves et al. 2016). For those problems, there is generally no systematic method designers can be provided with in order to derive optimal solutions. In other words, it is neither possible to list all solutions to a given problem nor to prove the absolute superiority of a given solution. In the absence of systematic methods, guidance can be given to designers in the form of heuristics, i.e. solutions which have proven to lead towards satisfactory solutions but which are not guaranteed to be optimal. Great efforts have been made by the international research community in order to identify design strategies, which are in most cases derived from experience, and in most cases follow a defined target in the context of Design for X (DfX), such as environmental aspects (e.g. Telenko et al. 2016). These heuristics aim to extract the essence of respective DfX streams into a summarized knowledge base to be used in concrete design situations or for educational purposes. While many design heuristics have been published throughout scientific literature, less effort has been invested to evaluate their capacity to support actual knowledge transfer. Published heuristics sets are generally weakly structured, difficult to navigate in, partly competing and overlapping, and offer different levels of detail. As a result, they do not offer sufficient clarity and usability to be integrated in daily engineering practice and education. Furthermore, empirical evidence of the influence of heuristics on the design performance remains partial and requires further investigation. The overarching scientific objective of this research project is to enhance the ability of design heuristics to lead to knowledge transfer in product design processes and design education. This requires shedding light on the underlying structure of design heuristics and on the cause/effect relations they express. This requires as well investigating the influence of digitization and visualization on the actual impact of heuristics as well as the ability to characterize this impact. The projected outcomes of the project — a formalism to better describe design heuristics as well as an empirically validated mechanism for heuristic-visualization and interaction — are expected to be valid for the whole engineering domain.