Polish Folk Art and the Holocaust: Perpetrator-Victim-Bystander Memory Transactions in the Polish-German Context

波兰民间艺术与大屠杀：波兰-德国背景下的肇事者-受害者-旁观者记忆交易

• 批准号: 426660414
• 负责人: Privatdozentin Dr. Magdalena Waligorska-Huhle
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Europäische Ethnologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2018-12-31 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/426660414?language=en
• 关键词: Polish; Folk; Art; Holocaust; Perpetrator

The recent turn in Holocaust studies towards the "dispersed" Holocaust that took place outside of the death camps, in full view of local “bystander” populations, requires new sources of data. While oral history has brought important insights into the field, vernacular visual sources have yet to be considered. Holocaust-themed folk art from Poland constitutes an important and as-yet-unexamined source that offers a unique perspective on postwar memorial processes. Created throughout the postwar decades, carvings and paintings of Holocaust scenes by Polish vernacular artists, who remembered pre-war Jews and witnessed the atrocities against them, have been largely forgotten in the holdings of Polish ethnographic museums or reside in private (mostly German) collections, without ever having been systematically examined as a source of knowledge about post-traumatic memory processes.This project focuses on such vernacular representations of the Shoah, and their impacts and instrumentalizations in East, West, and reunited Germany from 1945 until today, examining their role in Polish and German memory cultures. The study seeks, further, to determine to what extent German collectors stimulated memory of the Holocaust among Polish artists, and whether Germany’s "Orientalist" gaze on Poland influenced the way this art was produced and received in the German states. Finally, the project will yield insights into the ways that Poles and Germans have negotiated their respective collective statuses as victim, witness, and perpetrator.While we anticipate contributing in significant ways to Holocaust history and memory studies (with new source materials, and bystander perspectives) and Folk Art studies (with new themes, e.g., traumatic historical memory and intergroup dialogue, and new approaches like affect theory) the project sheds light on a number of broader issues, including: Polish-German-Jewish relations; German Vergangenheitsbewältigung; and the role of material culture in memory processes.We will examine a wide range of sources including: art objects, exhibition documentation, visitor comments, private correspondence, and we will conduct interviews with collectors, artists, and curators. The sources we identify in Polish and German collections will be subjected to scrutiny based on multi-disciplinary interpretive approaches, including the most current methods in use for studies of visual culture, material culture, memory, trauma, affect, and inter-cultural relations, with attention to cultural frames, power relations, emotions, and self-reflexive consideration of our own subjectivities as Polish, German, and Jewish researchers.The phenomenon under study was constituted by Polish and German actors working in dialogue and the traces of its history are scattered across Poland and Germany, thus requiring a Polish-German team, bilateral frames of reference, bilingual expertise, and access to institutions, sources, and individuals in both countries.

大屠杀研究最近转向在死亡集中营外发生的“分散的”大屠杀，在当地“旁观者”人口的众目睽睽之下，需要新的数据来源。虽然口述历史为该领域带来了重要的见解，但本土视觉资源尚未得到考虑。来自波兰的以大屠杀为主题的民间艺术构成了一个重要的、尚未被研究的来源，为战后纪念过程提供了一个独特的视角。波兰本土艺术家在战后几十年中创作了大屠杀场景的雕刻和绘画，他们记得战前的犹太人并目睹了对他们的暴行，但这些作品在很大程度上被波兰民族志博物馆所遗忘，或者被私人收藏。（主要是德国）收藏，没有被系统地研究过，作为后知识的来源，创伤记忆过程。这个项目的重点是这样的方言表示的浩劫，和他们的影响和工具化在东，西，并重新统一的德国从1945年到今天，检查他们在波兰和德国的记忆文化的作用。这项研究旨在进一步确定德国收藏家在多大程度上激发了波兰艺术家对大屠杀的记忆，以及德国对波兰的“东方主义”凝视是否影响了这种艺术在德国各州的生产和接受方式。最后，该项目将深入了解波兰人和德国人如何谈判他们各自作为受害者，证人和肇事者的集体身份。虽然我们预计将以重要的方式为大屠杀历史和记忆研究做出贡献（新的源材料，和旁观者的观点）和民间艺术研究（新的主题，例如，创伤性历史记忆和群体间对话，以及新的方法，如影响理论）该项目揭示了一些更广泛的问题，包括：波兰-德国-犹太人关系;德国Vergangenheitsbewältigung;和物质文化在记忆过程中的作用。我们将研究广泛的来源，包括：艺术品，展览文件，游客评论，私人信件，我们将与收藏家，艺术家和策展人进行采访。我们在波兰和德国的藏品中发现的来源将根据多学科的解释方法进行审查，包括用于视觉文化，物质文化，记忆，创伤，影响和跨文化关系研究的最新方法，关注文化框架，权力关系，情感，以及对我们作为波兰人，德国人，所研究的现象是由波兰和德国的行动者在对话中工作构成的，其历史的痕迹分散在波兰和德国，因此需要一个波兰-德国团队，双边参考框架，双语专业知识，以及接触两国的机构，来源和个人。