The Development of Pig Husbandry and Taboo in the Southern Levantine Classical Period: An Integrated Zooarchaeological, Isotopic, and Genetics Approach

这个项目的目标是研究古典时期（公元333年）的养猪业公元前-公元636年)在黎凡特（今天的以色列、巴勒斯坦和约旦）。古典时期是由希腊罗马帝国主义、文化接触、环境变化以及犹太人和非犹太人之间日益分化的养猪和消费所定义的千年。这激起了围绕猪禁忌的情绪。黎凡特是一个文化多元化的地区，希腊/罗马殖民者和士兵与各种当地人口混合在一起，包括遵守圣经禁忌的犹太人和那些更愿意接受占主导地位的希腊-罗马文化元素的人。虽然之前的研究记录了这段时间许多地方的猪消费增加，但尚不清楚猪是如何饲养的，以及猪饲养者在牲畜生产中采用了什么策略。我们将使用光稳定同位素分析、生物特征分析、死亡年龄分析和牙结石中病原体的aDNA分析来研究养猪业实践中的时空变异。将这些方法应用于位于以色列的各种考古遗址，我们将测试与不同种族群体（包括希腊/罗马殖民者和士兵，“希腊化”犹太人和非犹太黎凡特人口）之间不同管理实践相关的假设。因为养猪业可以采取许多不同的形式，它提供了一个独特的窗口，以了解人与环境的相互作用和文化过程。我们将在研究中考察的问题与人文和社会科学中的基本问题相结合，例如与世界宗教发展有关的问题，帝国背景下的种族问题，以及不同类型农业实践发生的生态条件。

The goal of this project is to examine pig husbandry in the Classical period (c.333 BC- AD 636) in the Levant (modern-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan). The Classical period was a millennium defined by Greco-Roman imperialism, culture contact, environmental change, and the increased polarization of pig husbandry and consumption among Jewish and non-Jewish populations. This had the effect of galvanizing sentiments surrounding the pig taboo. The Levant was a culturally heterogeneous region, where Greek/Roman colonists and soldiers mixed with members of various local populations, including Jews who observed the Biblical taboos on pork and those who were more willing to adopt elements of the dominant Greco-Roman culture. While previous research has documented an increase in pig consumption at many sites during this time, it remains unclear how pigs were raised and what strategies pig breeders deployed in livestock production. We will use light stable isotopic analysis, biometric analysis, age-at-death analysis, and aDNA analysis of pathogens trapped in dental calculus to examine the spatial and temporal variability in pig husbandry practices. Applying these methods to various archaeological sites located in Israel, we will test hypotheses relating to different management practices among different ethnic groups, including Greek/Roman colonists and soldiers, "Hellenized" Jews, and non-Jewish Levantine populations. Because pig husbandry can take on many different forms, it provides a unique window into human-environmental interaction and cultural processes. The issues we will examine in our research articulate with fundamental questions in the humanities and social sciences, such as those pertaining to the development of world religions, ethnicity in imperial contexts, and the ecological conditions under which different types of agricultural practice take place.