Search for the wild ancestor and the original birth place of buckwheat

一个多世纪前，德·坎多勒提出了西伯利亚-北部的中国关于荞麦起源的假说，他的假说一直保留到最近。为了寻找荞麦的野生祖先，我们先后5次到中国和3次到喜马拉雅山区考察，并对采集的样品进行了同工酶和ctDNA的实验分析，结果表明：(1)野生荞麦只生长在中国南部。从形态、同工酶和ctDNA三个角度对苦荞麦进行分类，得到了相同的系统发育树，其中金荞麦的系统发育树也是相同的。Ancestralis和云杉F.talaricum SSP.波塔尼荞麦是与普通荞麦和塔塔里荞麦亲缘关系较近的独特野生种。(3)上述两个野生亚种是唯一可与栽培荞麦杂交的野生种。从这些实验结果可以得出结论：普通荞麦起源于云南西北部，起源于野生祖先F.esculentum SSP。祖先Ohnishi可能来自彝族，而Tatary荞麦起源于四川北部，起源于F.tararicum SSP。波塔尼尼·巴塔林。

More than a century ago, De Candolle proposed the Siberia-northern China hypothesis on the origin of buckwheat and his hypothesis has been retained until recently.For the search of the wild ancestor of buckwheat, five expeditions to China, and three to the Himalayan hills and experimental analyses of the collected samples for their isozymes and ctDNA were conducted and they led to the following results:(1) Wild Fagopyrum species grow only in southern China. F. cymosum and F. gracilipes have an exceptionally wider distribution extending to eastern Tibet and the Himalayan hills.(2) Classification of Fagopyrum species based on morphology, isozymes and ctDNA all led to the same phylogenetic tree, where F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis and F. tataricum ssp. Potanini are the unique wild species closely related to common and tatary buckwheat, respectively. Other wild species are only distantly related to cultivated species.(3) Two wild subspecies mentioned above are the only wild species that can be intercrossed to cultivated buckwheat.From these experimental results, I arrived at the conclusion: Common buckwheat originated in northwestern parts of Yunnan province from the wild ancestor F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis Ohnishi probably by Yi tribe, while tatary buckwheat was born in northern Sichuan province from F. tataricum ssp. Potanini Batalin.