Study on isozyme polymorhism, phylogenesis and culture differentiation in Vitis soo

葡萄属植物种类繁多，从远古时代就开始栽培，然后分布在世界各地。在这些物种中，很少有人清楚地知道它们的起源，它们的遗传分析也没有得到彻底的研究。由于它们可能用作育种材料，因此应明确它们的遗传关系。采用糖磷酸酯异构酶（GPI）和磷酸糖脲酶（PGM）两种高度可变的酶系统对葡萄品种的亲本进行了研究。在35个亲本/子代组合中，30个组合给子代带来了报道亲本中存在的等位基因，5个组合给子代带来了报道亲本中没有的等位基因。“Hiro Hamburg”的Gpi-2基因型和“Pione”的Pgm-2基因型表明，“Koshu Sanjuku”和“Cannon Hall Muscat”可能不是父本亲本。“New Niagara”的Gpi-2基因型和“Beniyamabiko”的Gpi-2和Pgm . More -2基因型表明，“Niagara”和“DxK-151”与“Delaware”的杂交后代可能分别不是母本。在日本种植的‘Cannon Hall Muscat’的Gpi-2基因型表明，该品种可能不是作为‘Alexandria Muscat’的四倍体起源的。研究了葡萄糖苷异构体酶（GPI）和磷酸糖苷异构体酶（PGM）同工酶的遗传变异及其在三倍体葡萄育种中的应用。品种间未见同工酶变异。对99个二倍体栽培品种、8个野生种20个二倍体植株及其后代进行单电泳分析，发现Gpi-2等位基因13个，Pgm-2等位基因11个。这些数据表明葡萄属植物种间存在高度的遗传差异。随后，在6个二倍体和4个四倍体杂交品种中测定了Gpi-2和Pgm-2的基因型。在15个二倍体与四倍体对照杂交的98株幼苗中，有92株表达三体基因为三倍体杂种，有6株表达二体基因为污染花粉产生的二倍体植株。这些结果表明，这两个高度可变的酶系统对葡萄育种和系统发育研究具有重要意义。采用异柠檬酸脱氢酶（IDH）、甲酸脱氢酶（FDH）和超氧化物歧化酶（SDH）三种酶体系。IDH和FDH各有1个活性区，SOD-1、SOD-2、SOD-3 3个活性区，每个活性区都具有显著性。此外，在223个具有酶变异的栽培品种和9个野生品种中，发现IDH有8个条带，FDH有6个条带，SOD-1有2个条带，SOD-2有4个条带，SOD-3有3个条带。因此，除了我们提出的GPI-2和PGM-2酶系统外，这三种酶系统可以被认为是研究品种鉴定和遗传变异的有用标记。在此基础上，进一步研究了葡萄品种的基因型。所有从芽突变中选择的品种在遗传上是相同的。在218个被调查的品种中，Gpi-2能检测到13个品种，Pgm-2能检测到9个品种，Idh-1能检测到3个品种，Sod-1和Sod-3不能检测到任何品种，Sod-2和Fdh-1各检测到1个品种，因为它们可能没有遗传来源。通过这7个位点共检出145个品种，这些品种可能来源于其他品种。因此，如果最近被认为是控制酶的等位基因和位点被清楚地了解，那么用同工酶鉴定品种基因型的可能性就会更高。少

Having various species, the genus Vitis hs been cultivated from remote age and then distributed throughout the world. Among these species, few has been clearly known about their origin and their genetic analyzes have not been thoroughly investigated. As they may be used as breeding materials, their genetic relationships should be clearly defined.Two highly variable enzyme systems of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were usued to investigate the parentages of grape cultivars. Of 35 parent/offspring combinations that we investigated, 30 combinations gave alleles in the offspring which were presentedin the reported parents, whereas 5 combinations gave alleles to the offspring which were not extractable from the reported parents. The Gpi-2 genotype of 'Hiro Hamburg' and the Pgm-2 genotype of 'Pione' indicated that 'Koshu Sanjuku' and 'Cannon Hall Muscat' may not have been the paternal parent respectively.The Gpi-2 genotype of 'New Niagara' and the Gpi-2 and Pgm … More -2 genotypes of 'Beniyamabiko' indicated that 'Niagara' and a htbrid from 'DxK-151' x 'Delaware' may not have been the maternal parent respectively. The Gpi-2 genotype of 'Cannon Hall Muscat' grown in Japan indicated that this cultivar may not have originated as a tetraploid sport of 'Muscat of Alexandria'.Inheritance and variation of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isozymes in Vitis and their usefulnesses in triploid grape breeding were investigated. No isozyme variations were observed within cultivars. Onelectrophoretic analysis of 99 diploid cultivars, 20 diploid plants from 8 wild species, and their progenies, thirteen alleles were found for Gpi-2 and eleven for Pgm-2. The data indicated high degree of genetic divergence between species in Vitis. Subsequently, genotypes for Gpi-2 and Pgm-2 were determined in 6 diploid cultivars and 4 tetraploid cultivars used for crossings. Of 98 seedlings from 15 controlled crosses betweenthe diploid and tetraploid cultivars, 92 exhibiting trisomic gene expression were determined to be triploid hybrids, while 6 exhibiting disomic gene expression were determined to be diploidplants produced by contaminating pollen. These results indicate that the two highly variableenzyme systems are very useful for breeding and phylogenetic study in grape.Three enzyme systems of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH), Formate Dehydrogenase (FDH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SDH) were used. One activity zone in IDH and FDH, and three zones (SOD-1, SOD-2, SOD-3), each was a dimetric, were significant. Moreover, in 223 cultivars and 9 wild species having enzyme variabilities that we investigated, 8 banding patterns in IDH, 6 patterns in FDH, 2 patterns in SOD-1, 4 patterns in SOD-2 and 3 patterns in SOD-3 were abserved.Consequently, in addition to the enzyme systems of GPI-2 and PGM-2 that we proposed, these three enzyme systems may be considered as useful markers to study cultivar identifications and genetic variabilities.From those results, the genotypes of grape cultivars were further investigated. All cultivars selected from bud mutations were genetically the same. Of 218 cultivars investigated, Gpi-2 was able to detect 13 cultivars, Pgm-2 was 9 cultivars, Idh-1 was 3 cultivars, Sod-1 and Sod-3 were not able to detect any cutivars, and Sod-2 and Fdh-1 were each 1 cultivars as those might not have been genetically originated from others. Moreover, 145 cultivars were detected through these 7 locus combinely as those might have possibly been originated from others.Thereafter, if alleles and locus that are presumed to control enzymes being thoroughly investigated recently are clearly understood, the possibilities of identification of cultivar genotypes by isozyme may be higher. Less