Chemical Dynamics of Snow Cover and Snow Biology

积雪化学动力学和雪生物学

• 批准号: 03455020
• 负责人: SUZUKI Keisuke
• 金额: $ 3.26万
• 依托单位: Tokyo Metoropolitan University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 1991
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1991 至 1993
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-03455020/
• 关键词: Snow cover; Snow meltwater; Microbe; Algae; Bacteria; 藻類; バクテリア

A study was carried out at a boreal fores, eastern Canada. Conentrations of NH _4 ^+ and NO _3 ^- of precipitation in a forest are lower than that in a open area. The losses of NH _4 ^+ and NO _3 ^- are considered to be affected by the biological activity. Concentration of chemical substance of snowmelt water in a open area shows diurnal variation. The hydrograph of snowmelt is separated into "old water" and "new water". Meltwater in the lower snowpack is called to "old water", and meltwater percolated from surface snow layr is called to "new water". The separated "old water" is the major componentof early snowmelt runoff. "New water" is the major component of recession limb of the hydrograph.Seasonal change of surface impurities covering a perennial snow patch, Kuranosuke sekkei in Japan Alps, were analyzed. During the thawing period, amount and coloin darkness of the impurities gradually increased and bulk albedo of the snow patch was reduced in accordance with it. Microscopic observation and albedo spectrum of the impurities revealed that drkening of the impurity coloration was mainly due to the growth of cryo-microbes such as snow algae, fungi and bacteria growing in the melting snow.In some Himalayan glaciers, the microbial production on the glacier surface is so large during the monsoon that the surface of the ablation area is covered with a dark clored mud-like material which mainly consists of algae and bacteria. This material reduces the surface albedo of glacier and accelerates glacier melting.

在加拿大东部的北方森林进行了一项研究。森林降水中NH_4 ^+和NO_3 ^-浓度低于开阔地。NH_4 ^+和NO_3 ^-的损失受生物活性的影响。开阔地融雪水化学物质浓度呈日变化。将融雪过程线分为“老水”和“新水”。位于积雪下层的融水称为“老水”，而从表层雪层中渗出的融水称为“新水”。分离出的“老水”是早期融雪径流的主要组成部分。分析了日本阿尔卑斯山仓之助雪溪常年积雪区地表杂质的季节变化。在冰川融化过程中，杂质的含量和色度逐渐增加，雪斑的体积溶解度随之减少，显微镜观察和杂质的光谱分析表明，杂质颜色的变干主要是由于雪藻、真菌和细菌等低温微生物在融化的雪中生长所致。在季风期间，冰川表面的微生物生产是如此之大，以至于消融区的表面覆盖着主要由藻类和细菌组成的暗色的泥状物质。这种物质降低了冰川的表面张力，加速了冰川的融化。

项目成果

鈴木 啓助: "融雪水中の溶存成分濃度の日変化" 雪氷(日本雪氷学会誌). 53. 21-31 (1991)

Keisuke Suzuki：“融雪水中溶解成分浓度的日变化”《Snow and Ice》（日本冰雪学会杂志）53. 21-31（1991）。

Suzuki, K., Ishi, Y., Kodama, Y., Kobayashi, D., and Jones, H.G.: "Chemical fluxes through a boreal forest snowpack during the snowmelt season." Bulletin of Glacier Resarch. 11. 33-38 (1993)

Suzuki, K.、Ishi, Y.、Kodama, Y.、Kobayashi, D. 和 Jones, H.G.：“融雪季节期间穿过北方森林积雪的化学通量。”

Suzuki, K.: "Influence of urban areas on the chemistry of regional snow cover." Seasonal Snowpacks, ed. Davies, T.D., Tranter, M.and Jones, H.G.303-319 (1991)

Suzuki, K.：“城市地区对区域积雪化学的影响。”

Suzuki, K.: "Oxygen-18 of snow meltwater and snow cover." Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice. 55. 335-342 (1993)

Suzuki, K.：“雪融水和积雪的氧气 18。”

Suzuki, K., Ishi, Y., Kodama, Y., Kobayashi, D., and Jones, H.G.: "Chemical dynamics of a boreal forest snowpack during the snowmelt season." Snow cover and its Interactions with Climate and Ecosystems (IAHS Publication), ed. Jones, H.G., Davies, T.D.in p

Suzuki, K.、Ishi, Y.、Kodama, Y.、Kobayashi, D. 和 Jones, H.G.：“融雪季节北方森林积雪的化学动力学。”