Towards an anthropology of relevance: An intercultural dialogue between Schutz and Nishida

迈向相关人类学：舒茨和西田之间的跨文化对话

• 批准号: 431058086
• 负责人: Dr. Jan Straßheim
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Philosophie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2019-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/431058086?language=en
• 关键词: Towards; anthropology; relevance; intercultural; dialogue

The concept of “relevance” describes patterns which shape human action and experience in a regular fashion. However, unlike the concept of a strict “rule”, the concept of relevance also captures the fact that such patterns are open to a variety of situations and individuals. “Relevant” aspects are not only (1) those which are familiar, habitual or recognisable because they fit within established meaning-patterns, but also (2) those which are novel, strange or unique, i.e. those which deviate from existing patterns. A rule model neglects this latter side of relevance in favour of the former. But only both sides taken together produce our situated decisions and perceptions, our flexible and sometimes creative use of language, the dynamic of our emotions, or our access to the individual other person. A two-sided concept of relevance thus identifies a tension at the basis of our subjective and social lives which a rule model fails to capture. The goal of the present project is to develop a philosophical theory of relevance which systematically elucidates this tension. This means addressing a gap in research which is related to cultural factors. Despite the fact that in several disciplines, such as philosophy, sociology, linguistics, the cognitive and information sciences, relevance models have proven superior, research keeps falling back to rule models. This unbalance is due in part to a bias towards stable structures in European traditions of thought which has been pointed out by the Japanese philosopher Kitarō Nishida (1870-1945). Therefore, the project employs the tools of “intercultural philosophy”. Referring back to the often forgotten relevance research from the 1930s onwards, the most developed theory of relevance, that of Alfred Schutz (1899-1959), is singled out as a point of departure. In order to correct the cultural bias which causes theoretical difficulties even in Schutz, a “dialogue” is sought with Nishida, who elaborates the irreducible role of the second side of relevance. A problem-oriented reading aims to “triangulate” between the two perspectives and their shared object, and at the same time to strengthen both philosophers’ potential. Philosophical anthropology is chosen as a frame of reference to sharpen the focus. The theory of relevance will emphasise the cultural and historical variation in conceptions of “man”, and it will offer a reflection about the relation between cultures which refers to a common ground at the basis of trends within current debates around “globalisation” towards either opening or closing cultural boundaries. The project, while taking up recent relevance research such as the formalisations worked out within the framework of analytical philosophy (e.g. by the Emmy Noether independent junior research group “Relevance”), presents an independent approach based on social phenomenology and historical anthropology. The results will be published in the form of a book and at least two peer-reviewed articles.

“相关性”的概念描述了以有规律的方式塑造人类行为和经验的模式。然而，与严格的“规则”的概念不同，相关性的概念还抓住了这样一个事实，即这种模式对各种情况和个人是开放的。“相关”方面不仅是(1)那些熟悉的、习惯的或可识别的，因为它们符合既定的意义模式，而且(2)那些新颖的、奇怪的或独特的，即那些偏离现有模式的方面。规则模型忽略了相关性的后一个方面，而倾向于前者。但只有这两方面结合在一起，才能产生我们所处的情境决定和感知，才能产生我们灵活的、有时是创造性的语言使用，才能产生我们动态的情绪，才能产生我们与个体他人的接触。因此，相关性的双面概念确定了我们主观和社会生活基础上的张力，这是规则模型无法捕捉的。本项目的目标是发展一种关联的哲学理论，系统地阐明这种张力。这意味着解决与文化因素有关的研究差距。尽管在哲学、社会学、语言学、认知科学和信息科学等几个学科中，关联模型已经被证明具有优势，但研究却不断回归到规则模型。日本哲学家西田北辰（1870-1945）指出，这种不平衡部分是由于对欧洲思想传统中稳定结构的偏爱。因此，该项目采用了“跨文化哲学”的工具。回顾20世纪30年代以来经常被遗忘的关联研究，最发达的关联理论——阿尔弗雷德·舒茨（Alfred Schutz, 1899-1959）的关联理论被挑选出来作为出发点。为了纠正即使在舒茨的理论中也造成困难的文化偏见，我们寻求与西田的“对话”，西田阐述了关联的第二方面的不可简化的作用。以问题为导向的阅读旨在将两种观点及其共同的对象“三角化”，同时加强两位哲学家的潜力。选择哲学人类学作为一个参考框架，以使焦点更加清晰。关联理论将强调“人”概念的文化和历史变化，它将提供关于文化之间关系的反思，这是指当前围绕“全球化”走向开放或关闭文化边界的辩论中趋势的基础上的共同点。该项目采用了最近的相关性研究，例如在分析哲学框架内制定的形式化（例如由Emmy Noether独立初级研究小组“相关性”），提出了一种基于社会现象学和历史人类学的独立方法。研究结果将以一本书和至少两篇同行评议文章的形式发表。