Cogonitive function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a chromosome X-linked inherited disease. DMDchildren have moderate cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Many studies raised the possibility that cognitive abnormalities in DMD are attributable to synaptic dysfunction associated with deficits in brain dystrophin molecules. In order to clarify cognitive function in DMD,we performed new cognitive studies.In the first study, Twenty-two male patients with DMD aged 5-9 yeaes were tested with the Japanese WISC-R and the Japanese K-ABC mental processing subtests. male patients with DMD showed a discrepancy between verbal and performance IQ (VIQ<PIQ) on the WISC-R and a significant difference between Simultaneous Processing and Sequential Processing standard score (Simultaneous>Sequential) on the K-ABC.In the second study, a female patient with DMD and a female carrier were tested with the Japanese K-ABC.They also showed significant difference between Simultaneous. Processing and Sequential Processing standard score (Simultaneous>Sequential) on the K-ABC.In the third study, we developed the CAI program which emphasized visual cues for DMD children.