Internal Promotion and Wage Structure within Firm--Analysis by Micro-Data--

据说，日本内部晋升的一个显著特点在于，日本公司在选择高级管理职位的候选人时，非常重视候选人是否刚从学校毕业就加入公司，也就是说，他们是否被称为“Haenuki”。我研究的目的是确定这种晋升做法的存在和程度，并调查当员工晋升到更高的职位时，工资会增加多少。本研究使用的数据是劳动部工资结构基本统计调查的微观数据。内部晋升制度的主要发现如下：(1)皓月人比非皓月人升职更快。(2)第一次石油危机后，日本经济的老龄化和增长速度的放缓，使皓月的晋升速度比非皓月的晋升速度要慢得多。(3)在第一次石油危机后，其他公司工作经验对晋升速度的不利影响也有所减弱。事实(2)和(3)可以被解释为终身雇佣制衰落的迹象。内部工资结构的回归分析澄清了以下事实。(1)以任期和年龄为主要自变量的回归模型的决定系数高于以任期和外部经验为主要自变量的回归模型。(2)年龄因素在日本工资结构中起着重要作用。(3)管理职位越高，年龄对工资的影响越大。第二个事实似乎表明，生活费用补偿假说在日本经济中仍然普遍存在。

A remarkable feature of internal promotion in Japan is saidto lie in the fact that in choosing candidates for higher managerial positions Japanese firms attach importance to whether or not the candidates join the companies fresh from school, that is whether they are so called "Haenuki"or not. The aim of my research is to ascertain the existence and the extent of this promotion practice and also to investigate how much wages increase when employees are promoted to higher positions. The data used in this research are the micro-data from Labor Ministry's Basic Statistical Survey on Wage Structure.Main findings for internal promotion system are as follows. (1) Haenuki is promoted to higher positions faster than non-Haenuki. (2) Aging and slower rate of growth of the Japanese economy after the first oil crisis have decreased promotion speed much more for Haenuki than for non-Haenuki. (3) Unfavorable effects of work experience at other firms on promotion speed have also weakened after the first oil crisis. The facts (2) and (3) could be interpreted as a sign of declining lifetime employment system.Regression analysis of internal wage structure clarifies following facts. (1) The regression model including tenure and age as major independent variables yields higher coefficient of determination than that which takes tenure and external experience into account. (2) Age factor plays an important role in Japanese wage structure. (3) The higher the managerial position, the larger the effect of age on wages. The second fact seems to suggest that the cost-of-living compensation hypothesis is still prevalent in the Japanese economy.