Society and Settlement in a Territorial State: Survey and Excavations at the Outer Town of Ayanis, Turkey

在国家科学基金会的支持下，伊丽莎白·斯通博士和她的同事将在位于土耳其东部凡湖海岸的乌拉提亚阿亚尼斯堡垒周围的定居区进行考古研究。 仅在公元前650年左右被占领了一代，这个城市占地至少80公顷。 先前对城堡的研究揭示了广泛的防御工事，大规模的存储设施和有柱子的大厅/寺庙建筑群，与其他乌拉尔中心的行政精英有关。 Ayanis是唯一一个乌拉尔遗址，目前提供了一个机会，以调查的统治者和统治者，并调查外城，通过测绘，铲测试测量，磁力和选定的挖掘，于1997年开始。 在国家科学基金会的支持下，斯通博士的研究小组将扩大和完善他们对堡垒居民和外围城镇居民之间关系的研究。 铲测试将确定这些安置的限制，扩展的磁场梯度调查将揭示相当大一部分的地下建筑图案。将在外城内的磁力测量中发现差异图案的区域进行勘测。 分析将主要集中在高地位的材料，如红色抛光陶瓷和青铜器，这可能表明中央政府和更大的人口之间的相互作用，以及经济重建。 具体方法包括：陶瓷岩相学;陶瓷的射线照相术，以确定它们是轮制的还是手工制作的;陶瓷和青铜器的中子活化分析，以确定化学成分;动物遗骸分析;植硅体分析;微形态分析;国内人工制品组合的统计和空间分析;该项目的目标是确定现代城市规划者使用的原则是否可以修改，以帮助确定古代城市的关键组织特征，states. 城市框架内人员和机构的可变分布可以被理解为反映了古代社会结构的根本差异，即等级制组织的领土国家和更异质化组织的城邦之间的差异，但迄今为止，对不同古代国家的城市组织进行的研究还太少，无法确定这一点。 该项目产生的数据将使一个典型的领土国家的城市中心的组织清楚。 这项研究之所以重要有几个原因。 它将为许多考古学家和城市规划的学生提供感兴趣的数据，以及它与社会组织的关系，以及一个高度集中的国家的物质印记的范例。 它促进了土耳其-美国的学术合作，其结果应该有助于理解早期复杂的社会，这些社会要么不识字，要么其文字尚未被破译。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Elizabeth Stone and hercolleagues will conduct archaeological research in the settlement areasurrounding the Urartian fortress of Ayanis, located on the shore of LakeVan in Eastern Turkey. Occupied for only a single generation around 650B.C., this city covers at least 80 ha. Prior work on the citadel hasrevealed extensive fortifications, large scale storage facilities and apillared hall/temple complex, of the kind associated with theadministrative elite at other Urartian centers. Ayanis is the onlyUrartian site that currently offers an opportunity to investigate thegoverned as well as the rulers, and an investigation of the outer town,through mapping, shovel test survey, magnetometry and selected excavation,commenced in 1997. With NSF support Dr. Stone's team will extend andrefine its study of the relationship between the denizens of the fortressand those of the outer town. Shovel testing will define the limits of thesettlement and extended magnetic field gradient survey will revealsubsurface architectural patterning over a substantial portion.Excavations will be conducted in areas within the outer town that exhibitdifferential patterning in the magnetometry. Analysis will focus primarilyon high status materials such as red polished ceramics and bronzes that mayindicate interactions between the central government and the largerpopulation, and on economic reconstruction. Specific methods to beemployed include: ceramic petrography; radography of ceramics to determinewhether they were wheel-made or hand-made; neutron activation analyses ofceramics and bronzes to determine chemical composition; analysis of faunalremains; phytolith analysis; micromorphological analysis; statistical andspatial analyses of domestic artifact assemblages; the use of GIS toexamine the spatial distribution of activities.The goal of this project is to determine whether the principles used bymodern city planners can be modified to help identify key organizationaldistinctions in ancient cities and states. The variable distribution ofpeople and institutions within the urban framework may be understood toreflect fundamental differences in the structure of ancient societies,between hierarchically organized territorial states and moreheterarchically organized city states, but as yet too little work has beenconducted on urban organization in different archaic states to be certainof this. The data generated by this project will make clear theorganization of an urban center in an archetypical territorial state. Thisresearch is important for several reasons. It will provide data ofinterest to many archaeologists and students of urbanism on urban planningand its relationship to social organizationm, and a paradigm of thematerial imprint of a state that is known to be highly centralized. Itwill foster Turkish-American academic cooperation, and its results shouldhelp in the understanding of early complex societies that were either notliterate, or whose writing has yet to be deciphered.