Identification of a growth factor from an invertebrate, the abalone and application to aruaculture.

生长激素(GH)和催乳素(PRL)是由所有脊椎动物脑下垂体分泌的多肽激素家族，具有许多共同的结构和生物学特性。根据哺乳动物激素的氨基酸序列和基因结构，人们推测它们是由3.5亿年前一个共同的祖先基因通过复制进化而来的。然而。这可能太晚了，因为原始鱼类的脑下垂体中既有生长激素又有催乳素。当比较哺乳动物和硬骨动物荷尔蒙的初级序列时，这种差异估计发生在大约5亿年前。这导致我们假设祖先基因和生长激素样蛋白可能存在于无脊椎动物中。无脊椎动物鲍鱼中的生长激素样蛋白已经用鲑鱼生长激素和催乳素进行了研究。以及他们的抗血清。鲑鱼生长激素通过增加壳长和体重来促进动物的生长，而鲑鱼催乳素…更多的只对体重有影响。此外，在肾组织和食道组织中均发现鲑鱼生长激素和催乳素样免疫反应。提取物用凝胶过滤和反相高效液相色谱分离，用鲑鱼生长激素抗血清监测免疫反应部分。分离到两个免疫活性组分：一个是相对分子质量为23K的单一组分，另一个是由三个相对分子质量分别为28、30和32K的组分组成的组分，经十二烷基硫酸钠-凝胶电泳法分离，但未经rpHPLC分离。肌肉注射30K蛋白可以增加鲍鱼的壳长和体重。30K蛋白的作用与鲑鱼生长激素相似。序列分析表明，这30K蛋白与鲑鱼生长激素有一定的序列相似性。用30K蛋白抗血清对鲍鱼组织进行免疫细胞化学染色，发现与食道组织的交叉反应强于与肾组织的交叉反应。从酸性提取物中分离出食道中的免疫活性物质，并发现与肾组织中的30K蛋白相同。这些结果表明，在无脊椎动物中存在类似鲑鱼生长激素的生长激素样物质，这些基因在肾脏和食道两个不同的组织中表达。较少

Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are a family of peptide hormones that are secreted from the pituitary glands of all vertebrate animals and share a number of common structural and biological characteristics. On the basis of amino acid sequences and gene structures of the mammalin hormones, it has been postulated that they have evolved from a common ancestral gene by duplication 350 million years ago. However. This is probably too recent since primitive fish have both GH and PRL in their pituitary glands. When comparing the primary sequences of mammalian and teleostean hormones, the divergence was estimated to have occurred about 500 million years ago. This led us to the hypothesis that the ancestral gene and a GH-like protein might occur in invertebrate animals.A GH-like protein in an invertebrate, the abalone, has been investigated using salmon GH and PRL. and their antisera. Salmon GH stimulated growth of the animals by increasing shell length and body weight, while salmon PRL … More had an effect only on body weight. Moreover, salmon GH- and PRL-like immunoreactivities were found in both renal and esophagus tissues.The renal tissues were extracted under acidic conditions. The extract was fractionated by gel filtration and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, monitoring immunoreactive fractions with salmon GH antiserum. Two immunoreactive fractions were isolated: one was a slngle component with a molecular weight of 23K and the other consisted of three components with molecular weights of 28, 30, and 32K, which were separated by SDS-gelelectrophoresis, but not by rpHPLC. Intramuscular injections of the 30K proteins resulted in increased shell length and body weight of abalone. The effect of the 30K proteins was similar to that of salmon GH. Sequence analysis revealed that the 30K proteins have some sequence similarity to salmon GH. Immunocytochemical staining of abalone tissues with 30K protein antisera showed a stronger cross-reaction with the esophagus tissue than with the renal tissue. The immunoreactive substance in esophagus were isolated from an acidic extract, and found to be identical to the 30K proteins from the renal tissues.These results suggest that GH-like substances similar to salmon GH occur in the invertebrate and the genes are expressed in two distinct tissues, the renal and the esophagus. Less