Identification of a growth factor from an invertebrate, the abalone and application to aruaculture.

生长激素（GH）和催乳素（PRL）是由所有脊椎动物的脑垂体分泌的肽类激素家族，具有许多共同的结构和生物学特性。根据哺乳动物激素的氨基酸序列和基因结构，人们推测它们是在3.5亿年前通过复制从一个共同的祖先基因进化而来的。然而.这可能是太近了，因为原始鱼类的脑垂体中既有GH又有PRL。当比较哺乳动物和硬骨鱼类激素的一级序列时，这种分歧估计发生在大约5亿年前。这使我们假设祖先基因和GH样蛋白可能存在于无脊椎动物中。和它们的抗血清鲑鱼GH通过增加壳长和体重刺激动物生长，而鲑鱼PRL ...更多信息 只对体重有影响。此外，鲑鱼GH和PRL样免疫反应在肾脏和食管组织中均被发现。通过凝胶过滤和反相高效液相色谱法分离提取物，用鲑鱼GH抗血清监测免疫反应性组分。分离到两个免疫反应组分：一个是分子量为23 K的单一组分，另一个由分子量为28，30和32 K的三个组分组成，它们通过SDS-凝胶电泳分离，而不是通过rpHPLC分离。肌肉注射30 K蛋白导致鲍鱼壳长和体重增加。30 K蛋白的效果与鲑鱼GH的效果相似。序列分析表明，30 K蛋白与鲑鱼GH有一定的序列相似性。用30 K蛋白抗血清对鲍鱼组织进行免疫细胞化学染色，结果显示与食管组织的交叉反应强于与肾组织的交叉反应。食管中的免疫反应物质是从酸性提取物中分离出来的，与肾组织中的30 K蛋白一致，这些结果表明无脊椎动物中存在类似鲑鱼GH的GH样物质，并且这些基因在肾脏和食管两个不同的组织中表达。少

Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are a family of peptide hormones that are secreted from the pituitary glands of all vertebrate animals and share a number of common structural and biological characteristics. On the basis of amino acid sequences and gene structures of the mammalin hormones, it has been postulated that they have evolved from a common ancestral gene by duplication 350 million years ago. However. This is probably too recent since primitive fish have both GH and PRL in their pituitary glands. When comparing the primary sequences of mammalian and teleostean hormones, the divergence was estimated to have occurred about 500 million years ago. This led us to the hypothesis that the ancestral gene and a GH-like protein might occur in invertebrate animals.A GH-like protein in an invertebrate, the abalone, has been investigated using salmon GH and PRL. and their antisera. Salmon GH stimulated growth of the animals by increasing shell length and body weight, while salmon PRL … More had an effect only on body weight. Moreover, salmon GH- and PRL-like immunoreactivities were found in both renal and esophagus tissues.The renal tissues were extracted under acidic conditions. The extract was fractionated by gel filtration and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, monitoring immunoreactive fractions with salmon GH antiserum. Two immunoreactive fractions were isolated: one was a slngle component with a molecular weight of 23K and the other consisted of three components with molecular weights of 28, 30, and 32K, which were separated by SDS-gelelectrophoresis, but not by rpHPLC. Intramuscular injections of the 30K proteins resulted in increased shell length and body weight of abalone. The effect of the 30K proteins was similar to that of salmon GH. Sequence analysis revealed that the 30K proteins have some sequence similarity to salmon GH. Immunocytochemical staining of abalone tissues with 30K protein antisera showed a stronger cross-reaction with the esophagus tissue than with the renal tissue. The immunoreactive substance in esophagus were isolated from an acidic extract, and found to be identical to the 30K proteins from the renal tissues.These results suggest that GH-like substances similar to salmon GH occur in the invertebrate and the genes are expressed in two distinct tissues, the renal and the esophagus. Less