Shareholder resolutions piercing the articles of association in German limited liability company(GmbH) and stock corporation (AG)

本书考察了“股东决议穿透公司章程”的法律的概念，这一概念在德国公司法中已经确立了近L00年。原则上，这一概念是指在个别情况下偏离条款规定，但条款今后不变的决议。然而，法院判决和法律的文献中关于这一法律的数字的意见非常分散，实际上存在很大的法律的不确定性。因此，本书首先介绍了这一主题，并对介绍过程和调查对象的定义进行了通常的解释，然后详细介绍了意见状况。强调了个人观点之间的联系，并指出了矛盾。随后，该工作审查了决议的内容穿透公司章程在不同的星座的基础上，现行公司法的决议的理解。作为本书的核心论点，并通过与《魏玛帝国法》的历史比较和与奥地利法律的比较法律的考察得到支持，可以看出，穿透公司章程的决议通常包括两个部分：关于具体措施的决议（即违反公司章程的具体措施）对个别情况修改公司章程，使违反公司章程的具体措施的决议合法化。提交人认为，决议这两部分的有效性必须分别评估。对决议中载有具体措施的部分只能通过上诉提出质疑。在许多情况下，为个案修改公司章程在简化的条件下是有效的（与公司章程的正常修改相比），特别是决议的公证和在商业登记册中的条目往往不需要。在此基础上，工作发展了一个教条连贯和实际管理的整体主题的概念。此外，还对公司章程中含有所谓的开头条款的情况进行了仔细审查，根据这些开头条款，在个别情况下，股东可以通过决议偏离公司章程的规定。

The book examines the legal concept of "Shareholder resolutions piercing the articles of association", which has been established in German company law for almost L00 years. ln principle, the concept refers to resolutions that deviate from the provisions of the articles in an individual case, but leave the articles unchanged for the future. However, the opinions in court decisions and legal literature on this legal figure are highly fragmented and there is great legal uncertainty in practice. The book, therefore, begins - after an introductory presentation of the topic and the usual explanations on the course of the presentation and the definition of the object of investigation - with a detailed presentation of the state of opinion. The connections between the individual opinions are emphasized and contradictions are pointed out. Subsequently, the work examines the content of resolutions piercing the articles of association in various constellations on the basis of the prevailing corporate law understanding of resolutions. As core thesis of the work, which is also supported by a historical comparison with the Weimarer Reichsverfassung and a comparative legal examination with Austrian law, it emerges that a resolution piercing the articles of association usually contains two parts: a resolution on the specific measure (i.e. the specific measure contrary to the articles of association for the individual case) and an amendment to the articles of association for the individual case, through which the resolution on the specific measure contrary to the articles of association is legitimized. ln the author's view, the validity of these two parts of the resolution must be assessed separately. The part of the resolution containing the specific measure can only be challenged by way of an Anfechtungsklage. The amendment of the articles of association for the individual case is in many cases valid under simplified conditions (compared to normal amendments to the articles of association), in particular the notarization of the resolution and the entry in the commercial register are often not required. On this basis, the work develops a dogmatically coherent and practically manageable concept of the overall subject. ln addition, the situation that that the Articles of Association contain so-called opening clauses according to which, in individual cases, the provisions of the Articles of Association may be deviated from by shareholders' resolution, is closely examined.