X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

表面及其结构和化学成分在植入物的生物相容性方面起着重要作用，特别是植入物与组织的相互作用。利用x射线光电子能谱（XPS），可以对导电材料以及聚合物等非导电材料进行几纳米高度的层析。离子束蚀刻也使深度剖面分析易于访问，并允许调查表面退化，腐蚀以及层压的测定和两层之间扩散效应的分析。因此，不仅可以获得元素的分布，还可以表征用于开发创新植入平台的表面修饰，例如，用氧等离子体处理材料后羟基和羰基的分化和定量。这是相关的，因为官能团的类型决定了药物活性化合物结合的方法和产率，也对生物相容性有直接影响。此外，预期的结果允许建立精确的修饰过程，例如药物分子的装载，以及对表面修饰稳定性的预测。

Surfaces, their structure and chemical composition, play a major role in implant development with regard to biocompatibility, in particular implant-tissue interaction. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), layer analysis in the height range of few nanometers can be performed on conductive materials, as well as on non-conductive materials such as polymers. Ion beam etching also makes depth profile analysis accessible and allows for the investigation of surface degradation, corrosion as well as determination of laminations and for the analysis of diffusion effects between two layers. Thus it is possible to obtain not only the distribution of elements, but also characterize surface modifications for the development of innovative implant platforms, for example the differentiation and quantification of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups after treatment of a material with oxygen plasma. This is relevant as the types of functional groups determine the method and the yield of the binding of pharmaceutically active compounds, and also have a direct effect on biocompatibility. In addition, the expected results allow for the establishment of precise modification processes, e.g. for the loading of drug molecules, as well as predictions on the stability of surface modifications.