The Influence of Strong Stellar Particle Events and Galactic Cosmic Rays on Exoplanetary Atmospheres (INCREASE)

系外行星的多样性是迷人的，因为它是广泛的。整体性质从低密度超热彗星，如GJ 1214 b的气体-冰-岩石混合物，到密度超过地球两倍的LHS 1140 b。质量-半径关系表明，行星的质量可以在给定的半径范围内变化很大，反之亦然，覆盖范围从地球以下到几个木星半径。最近的亮点包括海王星沙漠的提议，以及被称为富尔顿间隙的陆地超级地球和小型气体行星之间的半径间隙。关于丰富多样的系外行星的大气层，还有很多东西有待了解。对于一些受欢迎的系统，如GJ 1214 B，Proxima Centauri B和TRAPPIST-1，第一次大气观测要么已经存在，要么将在未来几年内出现。为了解释这些观测结果，需要对行星大气进行专门的模型研究，考虑大气逃逸、释气、气候、光化学和空气簇射物理，以及对恒星电磁辐射和恒星宇宙线和银河宇宙线传输的一致处理（SCR和GCR）在恒星天体层和行星磁场中的作用。为了在本项目中实现上述目标，我们将应用并进一步扩展我们新开发的系外行星大气模型套件，以计算可观测行星半径、大气半径和光谱的演化快照。我们将解决以下科学问题：Q1：什么过程决定了较冷恒星周围的（岩石）世界是否可以保留它们的大气层？Q2：对于冷星星系统，不同的大气层是如何演变的？问题3：我们的研究结果与一些受欢迎系统的观测结果相比如何？特别是，我们将在广泛的可能的系外行星大气和恒星环境进行模型研究。我们将分析这些结果的影响，SCR和GCR通量对行星气候，大气密度和成分，地面辐射和行星的辐射剂量。

Exoplanetary diversity is as fascinating as it is wide-ranging. Bulk properties vary from low-density ultra hot Jupiters, proposed gas-ice-rock mixtures such as GJ1214b, and worlds such as LHS1140b with over twice Earth’s density. The mass-radius relation suggests that the planetary mass can vary widely for a given radius, and vice-versa covering sizes from sub-Earth up to several Jupiter radii. Recent highlights include the proposed Neptunian desert and a radius gap between the population of terrestrial Super-Earths and Mini Gas Planets known as the Fulton gap.Much remains to be learned about the atmospheres of richly diverse exoplanets. For some favoured systems such as GJ1214b, Proxima Centauri b, and TRAPPIST-1 first atmospheric observations are either present or will come in the next few years. To interpret these observations, dedicated model studies of planetary atmospheres are necessary considering atmospheric escape, outgassing, climate, photochemistry, and air shower physics as well as consistent treatments of the stellar electromagnetic radiation and the transport of the stellar cosmic rays and Galactic cosmic ray (SCRs and GCRs) within stellar astrospheres and planetary magnetic fields.To achieve the above in this project, we will apply and further expand our newly developed model suite for exoplanetary atmospheres to calculate evolutionary snapshots of the observables planetary radii, atmospheric albedo, and spectra. We will address the following science questions:Q1: What processes determine whether (rocky) worlds around cooler stars can retain their atmospheres?Q2: How do different atmospheres evolve for cool star systems?Q3: How do results from our study compare with observations for some favoured systems?In particular, we will carry out model studies over a wide range of possible exoplanetary atmospheres and stellar environments. We will analyse these results with regard to the impact of SCR and GCR fluxes on planetary climate, atmospheric density and composition, surface radiation and the planets’ radiation dosage.