Landslide Risk Investigation in Inca's World Heritage Machu Picchu Citadel

本研究的目的是在边坡运动监测和土力学测试的基础上，对秘鲁著名的印加城堡“马丘比丘”世界遗产进行可靠的滑坡风险评估，并推广一个大型岩滑滑坡风险评估的案例研究。2002年11月，在巴黎教科文组织总部召开的国际滑坡联合会（ICL）第一届代表委员会上，与来自秘鲁、意大利、捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的研究合作者共同提出了这一国际联合研究项目，该项目获得通过并命名为国际滑坡计划（IPL）C101-1：马丘比丘滑坡调查该项目每年与秘鲁文化局（INC）、自然和自然资源局（INRENA）、外交部、以及地质、矿业和冶金研究所、地球物理研究所和库斯科等国家研究所 关于我们 在实地调查期间，安装了大跨度伸缩仪、全球定位系统接收器、雨量计、全站仪和棱镜目标，并在INC马丘比丘办事处人员的协助下开始了连续监测。根据伸缩仪记录，滑坡活动在雨季活跃，在旱季停止。C101-1小组的研究成果在华盛顿国家科学院举行的第一届ICL大会上作了介绍。2005年10月，美国。在此之际，Sassa等人编辑了《滑坡-风险分析和可持续灾害管理》一书。“出版，涉及该项目的论文。圆桌讨论会“加强联合国国际减少灾害战略范围内关于“山体滑坡”的地球系统风险分析和可持续灾害管理的研究和学习-建立一个充满活力的国际山体滑坡计划（IPL）全球网络”中也介绍了这一成就。由ICL组织，2006年1月，京都大学和包括教科文组织在内的六个联合国组织在东京联合国大学举行了会议，与会者高度评价会议是IPL的核心

Purpose of this study is to conduct realiable landslide risk evaluation in the famous Inca's citadel "Machu Picchu" World Heritage in Peru based on slope movement monitoring and soil mechanical testing as well as to promote a case study on landslide risk assessment of a large-scale rock slide. This project was proposed as an international joint research at the First Board of Representatives of the International Consortium on Landslide (ICL) in UNESCO Headquarter in Paris in November 2002 with research cooperators from Peru, Italy, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, and it was adopted and named International Programme on Landslides (IPL) C101-1 : Landslide Investigation in machu PicchuThis project organized international joint investigation team every year with Peruvial Cultural Agency (INC), Nature and natural resources agency (INRENA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national institutes such as Institute of Geology Mines, and Metallurgy (INGEMMET), Institute of Geophysics (IGP) and Cusco … More University, During the Field investigation, long-span extensometers, GPS receivers, rain gauges, total stations and prism mirror targets, were installed and continuous monitoring was started with assistance of the personnel of INC Machu Picchu Office. According to the extensometer records, landslide movement is activated in the rainy seasons, and it stopped in the dhy seasons. The reason why the citadel could be built up in the mountain ridge was estimated as ; (1) an old landslide created flat ground at the ridge which made it possible to build many houses ; (2) landslide created soils far agriculture by crushing rocks.The achievement by the C101-1 group was introduced at the 1st ICL General Assembly held in National Academy of Science, Washington, DC., USA in October 2005. At this occasion, Sassa et al.edited the book "Landslides - Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management." published by Springer Verlag, Germany and it involved the papers on this project. The achievement was also introduced in the Round Table Discussion "Strengthening Research and Learning on Earth System Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management within UN-ISDR as Regards "Landslides"- Towards a dynamic global network of International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -" which was organized by the ICL, Kyoto University and six United Nations organizations including UNESCO at United Nations University in Tokyo in January 2006, and highly evaluated by the participants as the core of IPL Less