Landslide Risk Investigation in Inca's World Heritage Machu Picchu Citadel

本研究的目的是基于边坡运动监测和土壤力学试验，对秘鲁著名的印加古堡“马丘比丘”世界遗产进行切实可行的滑坡风险评估，推动大型岩滑滑坡风险评估的案例研究。该项目于2002年11月在巴黎联合国教科文组织总部召开的国际滑坡研究联盟（ICL）第一届代表会议上提出，来自秘鲁、意大利、捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的研究合作者参与了该项目，并将其命名为国际滑坡研究计划（IPL） C101-1。该项目每年与秘鲁文化局（INC）、自然和自然资源局（INRENA）、外交部以及地质、矿山和冶金研究所（INGEMMET）、地球物理研究所（IGP）、库斯科莫尔大学等国家研究机构组织国际联合调查小组，在实地调查期间，使用了大量程延伸仪、GPS接收机、雨量计、安装了全站仪和棱镜镜目标，并在联合国马丘比丘办事处人员的协助下开始持续监测。根据引力计记录，滑坡运动在雨季开始，在旱季停止。古堡之所以能建在山脊上，估计有以下几个原因：(1)旧的滑坡在山脊处形成了平坦的地面，使建造许多房屋成为可能；滑坡压碎岩石，为农业创造了土壤。C101-1小组的成果在华盛顿特区国家科学院举行的第一届ICL大会上被介绍。2005年10月，美国。在此之际，Sassa等人编辑了由德国施普林格出版社出版的《滑坡-风险分析和可持续灾害管理》一书，其中涉及了本项目的论文。2006年1月，由ICL、京都大学和包括教科文组织在内的六个联合国组织在东京联合国大学举办的圆桌讨论“加强联合国国际减灾战略框架内关于“山体滑坡”的地球系统风险分析和可持续灾害管理的研究和学习-迈向国际山体滑坡计划（IPL）的动态全球网络”也介绍了这一成就。并被参与者高度评价为IPL Less的核心

Purpose of this study is to conduct realiable landslide risk evaluation in the famous Inca's citadel "Machu Picchu" World Heritage in Peru based on slope movement monitoring and soil mechanical testing as well as to promote a case study on landslide risk assessment of a large-scale rock slide. This project was proposed as an international joint research at the First Board of Representatives of the International Consortium on Landslide (ICL) in UNESCO Headquarter in Paris in November 2002 with research cooperators from Peru, Italy, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, and it was adopted and named International Programme on Landslides (IPL) C101-1 : Landslide Investigation in machu PicchuThis project organized international joint investigation team every year with Peruvial Cultural Agency (INC), Nature and natural resources agency (INRENA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national institutes such as Institute of Geology Mines, and Metallurgy (INGEMMET), Institute of Geophysics (IGP) and Cusco … More University, During the Field investigation, long-span extensometers, GPS receivers, rain gauges, total stations and prism mirror targets, were installed and continuous monitoring was started with assistance of the personnel of INC Machu Picchu Office. According to the extensometer records, landslide movement is activated in the rainy seasons, and it stopped in the dhy seasons. The reason why the citadel could be built up in the mountain ridge was estimated as ; (1) an old landslide created flat ground at the ridge which made it possible to build many houses ; (2) landslide created soils far agriculture by crushing rocks.The achievement by the C101-1 group was introduced at the 1st ICL General Assembly held in National Academy of Science, Washington, DC., USA in October 2005. At this occasion, Sassa et al.edited the book "Landslides - Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management." published by Springer Verlag, Germany and it involved the papers on this project. The achievement was also introduced in the Round Table Discussion "Strengthening Research and Learning on Earth System Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management within UN-ISDR as Regards "Landslides"- Towards a dynamic global network of International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -" which was organized by the ICL, Kyoto University and six United Nations organizations including UNESCO at United Nations University in Tokyo in January 2006, and highly evaluated by the participants as the core of IPL Less