Landslide Risk Investigation in Inca's World Heritage Machu Picchu Citadel

本研究的目的是在秘鲁著名的印加城堡“马丘比丘”世界遗产的斜坡移动监测和土力学测试的基础上，进行真实的滑坡风险评估，并推动大规模岩崩滑坡风险评估的案例研究。该项目是2002年11月在巴黎联合国教科文组织总部举行的国际滑坡联合会(ICL)第一届代表会议上提出的，与来自秘鲁、意大利、捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的研究合作者一起进行的国际联合研究，并被通过并命名为国际滑坡方案C101-1：马丘比丘的滑坡调查。该项目每年都与秘鲁文化局(INC)、自然和自然资源局(INRENA)、外交部以及地质矿山和冶金研究所、地球物理研究所(IGP)和Cusco…等国家研究所组织国际联合调查组更多大学在现场调查中，安装了大跨度伸缩仪、GPS接收器、雨量计、全站仪和棱镜靶，并在公司马丘比丘办事处人员的协助下开始了连续监测。根据延伸仪的记录，滑坡运动在雨季活跃，在DHy季节停止。之所以能在山脊上建造城堡，据估计是：(1)一次古老的山体滑坡在山脊上造成了平地，使建造许多房屋成为可能；(2)山体滑坡通过粉碎岩石创造了远离农业的土壤。C101-1小组的成果是在2005年10月在美国华盛顿特区国家科学院举行的第一届ICL大会上介绍的。在这一场合，Sassa等人编辑了《山体滑坡--风险分析和可持续灾害管理》一书。由德国施普林格·韦拉格出版，它涉及到关于这个项目的论文。2006年1月，在东京联合国大学由国际滑坡中心、京都大学和包括教科文组织在内的六个联合国组织在东京联合国大学组织的圆桌讨论会上也介绍了这一成果，讨论题为《在联合国减灾战略框架内加强关于“滑坡”的地球系统风险分析和可持续灾害管理的研究和学习--建立一个充满活力的全球滑坡方案网络“，与会者高度评价该方案的核心。

Purpose of this study is to conduct realiable landslide risk evaluation in the famous Inca's citadel "Machu Picchu" World Heritage in Peru based on slope movement monitoring and soil mechanical testing as well as to promote a case study on landslide risk assessment of a large-scale rock slide. This project was proposed as an international joint research at the First Board of Representatives of the International Consortium on Landslide (ICL) in UNESCO Headquarter in Paris in November 2002 with research cooperators from Peru, Italy, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, and it was adopted and named International Programme on Landslides (IPL) C101-1 : Landslide Investigation in machu PicchuThis project organized international joint investigation team every year with Peruvial Cultural Agency (INC), Nature and natural resources agency (INRENA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national institutes such as Institute of Geology Mines, and Metallurgy (INGEMMET), Institute of Geophysics (IGP) and Cusco … More University, During the Field investigation, long-span extensometers, GPS receivers, rain gauges, total stations and prism mirror targets, were installed and continuous monitoring was started with assistance of the personnel of INC Machu Picchu Office. According to the extensometer records, landslide movement is activated in the rainy seasons, and it stopped in the dhy seasons. The reason why the citadel could be built up in the mountain ridge was estimated as ; (1) an old landslide created flat ground at the ridge which made it possible to build many houses ; (2) landslide created soils far agriculture by crushing rocks.The achievement by the C101-1 group was introduced at the 1st ICL General Assembly held in National Academy of Science, Washington, DC., USA in October 2005. At this occasion, Sassa et al.edited the book "Landslides - Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management." published by Springer Verlag, Germany and it involved the papers on this project. The achievement was also introduced in the Round Table Discussion "Strengthening Research and Learning on Earth System Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management within UN-ISDR as Regards "Landslides"- Towards a dynamic global network of International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -" which was organized by the ICL, Kyoto University and six United Nations organizations including UNESCO at United Nations University in Tokyo in January 2006, and highly evaluated by the participants as the core of IPL Less