Landslide Risk Investigation in Inca's World Heritage Machu Picchu Citadel

本研究的目的是基于斜坡运动监测和土壤力学测试，对秘鲁著名的印加城堡“马丘比丘”世界遗产进行可靠的滑坡风险评估，并推广大规模岩质滑坡滑坡风险评估的案例研究。该项目于2002年11月在联合国教科文组织巴黎总部的国际山体滑坡联盟（ICL）第一届代表委员会上与秘鲁、意大利、捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的研究合作者提出作为一项国际联合研究，并被采纳并命名为国际山体滑坡计划（IPL）C101-1：马丘比丘山体滑坡调查该项目每年与秘鲁文化机构（INC）组织国际联合调查组，自然和自然资源局（INRENA）、外交部以及地质矿产冶金研究所（INGEMMET）、地球物理研究所（IGP）和库斯科大学等国家机构，在现场调查过程中，安装了大跨度引伸计、GPS接收器、雨量计、全站仪和棱镜镜目标，并在INC马丘比丘办公室人员的协助下开始持续监测。根据引伸计记录，滑坡运动在雨季活跃，在旱季停止。城堡之所以能建在山脊上，据推测是因为； (1) 一次古老的山体滑坡在山脊上形成了平坦的地面，使得可以建造许多房屋； (2)山体滑坡通过破碎岩石产生土壤，从而影响农业生产。2005年10月在美国华盛顿特区国家科学院举行的第一届ICL大会上介绍了C101-1小组的成果。值此之际，Sassa等人编辑了《山体滑坡——风险分析和可持续灾害管理》一书。德国施普林格出版社出版，涉及该项目的论文。该成果还在2006年1月由ICL、京都大学和联合国教科文组织等六家联合国组织在东京联合国大学举办的“加强联合国ISDR中关于‘山体滑坡’的地球系统风险分析和可持续灾害管理的研究和学习——迈向动态的国际山体滑坡计划（IPL）全球网络——”圆桌讨论中介绍了这一成果，并作为IPL的核心得到了与会者的高度评价。

Purpose of this study is to conduct realiable landslide risk evaluation in the famous Inca's citadel "Machu Picchu" World Heritage in Peru based on slope movement monitoring and soil mechanical testing as well as to promote a case study on landslide risk assessment of a large-scale rock slide. This project was proposed as an international joint research at the First Board of Representatives of the International Consortium on Landslide (ICL) in UNESCO Headquarter in Paris in November 2002 with research cooperators from Peru, Italy, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, and it was adopted and named International Programme on Landslides (IPL) C101-1 : Landslide Investigation in machu PicchuThis project organized international joint investigation team every year with Peruvial Cultural Agency (INC), Nature and natural resources agency (INRENA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national institutes such as Institute of Geology Mines, and Metallurgy (INGEMMET), Institute of Geophysics (IGP) and Cusco … More University, During the Field investigation, long-span extensometers, GPS receivers, rain gauges, total stations and prism mirror targets, were installed and continuous monitoring was started with assistance of the personnel of INC Machu Picchu Office. According to the extensometer records, landslide movement is activated in the rainy seasons, and it stopped in the dhy seasons. The reason why the citadel could be built up in the mountain ridge was estimated as ; (1) an old landslide created flat ground at the ridge which made it possible to build many houses ; (2) landslide created soils far agriculture by crushing rocks.The achievement by the C101-1 group was introduced at the 1st ICL General Assembly held in National Academy of Science, Washington, DC., USA in October 2005. At this occasion, Sassa et al.edited the book "Landslides - Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management." published by Springer Verlag, Germany and it involved the papers on this project. The achievement was also introduced in the Round Table Discussion "Strengthening Research and Learning on Earth System Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management within UN-ISDR as Regards "Landslides"- Towards a dynamic global network of International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -" which was organized by the ICL, Kyoto University and six United Nations organizations including UNESCO at United Nations University in Tokyo in January 2006, and highly evaluated by the participants as the core of IPL Less