Comparative Study on the Spontaneous Leaderships among the Slum Dwellers in Different Countries

这个比较研究的目的是分析和检验什么样的人倾向于成为自发的领导者，他们可以团结和领导贫穷的贫民窟居民改善他们的公共基础设施，获得他们的土地权利，提高个人生活水平。此外，我们试图考虑社会/文化和经济环境，可以使一些人的能力充分发挥为领导者。在这项研究中，我们对尼泊尔、印度、马来西亚、菲律宾、美国、巴西和加勒比国家的贫民窟居民进行了一系列实地调查。通过这些田野调查，我们收集了第一手的资料，关于贫民窟的居民，自发的领导者和必要的环境，这些领导者在其中发挥了相当重要的作用。我们不仅采访了贫民窟居民，还采访了政府官员、非政府组织成员、大学教授等人，了解他们对扶贫项目的看法和一些棚户区清理的做法。在这份报告中，我们分析和考察了领导人的禀赋和特点，他们与支持者的关系，他们所处的广义环境，他们与政府和非政府组织的关系。本报告的章节从尼泊尔、加勒比地区的新贫民窟开始，从巴西的旧贫民窟到纽约的旧贫民窟。

The aim of this comparative study is to analyze and examine what sort of persons tend to become the spontaneous leaders, who can unify and lead the poor slum dwellers for improving their communal infrastructures, for getting their rights on land, and for raising individual living standard. In addition, we attempt to consider the socio/cultural and economic environment which can bring some persons' abilities full play as leaders. In this study we have carried out a series of fieldworks among the slums dwellers in Nepal, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, the United States of America, Brazil, and the Caribbean nations. Through these fieldworks, we have collected first hand data on the slums dwellers, spontaneous leaders at the slums and the necessary environments, under which those leaders played quite important roles. We have interviewed not only the slum dwellers but the government officials, NGO members, university professors and other people, and could get their thoughts on the poverty eradication programs and some practices for the squatter-clearance. It is this report that we analyzed and examined the endowments and characteristics of the leaders, relationships between those leaders and their supporters, their environments in broad sense, their relationships with governments and NGOs. The chapters of this report begins from one dealing with young slums such as those in Nepal, the Caribbean through the old slums in Brazil to the former slum in New York.