An Anthropological Study of Socio-Cultural Issues Caused by the Transnational Practice of Assisted Renroductive Technology(ARTs)

研究的目的有三个方面：1）检查不孕症治疗的实际（当前）情况。由于ART的立法和/或条例不充分，2）评估跨国使用辅助生殖技术对父母、家庭和婚姻等基本制度和概念的社会文化影响，3）为了充分描述和分析新出现的制度和概念，提出新的框架或理论。为了实现该项目，联合研究成员在欧洲进行了实地研究（瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛、法国、瑞士和意大利）、美利坚合众国、韩国和日本。精子， ...更多信息 卵子和胚胎被冷冻并跨国转移（“生殖图尔斯”）。此外，不仅患者，而且产科医生/妇科医生，护士和ART协调员也越过边境学习和实践先进的治疗。2）除了日本等一些国家外，每个ART先进的国家都有控制ART实践的立法（法律）或法规。然而，由于目前ART实践的数量和质量超出预期，没有一个国家能够有效地控制这种情况。3）通过使用ART创建家庭，一些群体，如单身妇女和同性恋夫妇一直试图重建我们的基本概念和制度，如亲子关系，家庭，婚姻等。我们面临着复杂的（或多重性）和流动性的关系以及新的身份感，它们创造了新型的多重和流动的关系以及新的归属感/身份感。例如增加对双重/多重国籍/公民身份的接受（或容忍）。少

The objective of the research is threefold :1) Examination of the actual (current) situation in infertility treatment beyond. national borders, which has been pursued because of inadequate legislation and/or regulations for ARTs (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) in Europe, America and Asia, including Japan.2) Assessment of the socio-cultural implications of transnational practice of ARTs on the fundamental institutions, such as parenthood, family and marriage, and concepts, such as human body and life/death.3) Formulation of a new framework or theory in order to adequately describe and analyze the newly emerging institutions and concepts.In order to materialize the project, the joint-research members have conducted field research in Europe (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, France, Switzerland and Italy) , the United States of America, Korea and Japan.The following is the summary of the findings :1) It has been confirmed that ARTs have been practiced beyond national borders. Sperm, … More eggs and embryos are frozen and transferred transnationally ("reproductive tours"). Moreover, not only patients but also obstetricians/ gynecologists, nurses and ARTs coordinators go across the border to study and practice advanced treatments.2) Every ARTs-advanced country, except some countries like Japan, has legislation (laws) or regulations for controlling ARTs practice. However, as the quantity and quality of current ARTs practice is beyond expectation, no county can effectively control the situation.3) Through creating families by using ARTs, some groups, such as single women and gay/lesbian couples have been trying to reconstruct our basic concepts and institutions, such as parent-child relationships, family, marriage, etc.4) Whenever those concepts and/or institutions are being reconstructed, we are faced with complexity (or multiplicity) and fluidity of relationships and a new sense of identity, they create new types of multiple and fluid relationships and a new sense of belonging/identity.5) The above-mentioned fundamental socio-cultural change towards multiple and fluid relationships/sense of belonging is also recognized in other socio-cultural contexts, such as increasing acceptance of (or tolerance for) dual/multiple nationality/citizenship. Less