Effects of microorganisms on increasing biodiversity in plant-, herbivore-and predator community and its preserving

在这个项目中，主要针对以下三个主题进行了一系列的田间和实验室研究：1)VAM真菌定植对田间植物群落和节肢动物群落生物多样性的影响在加里曼丹、爪哇和Tsuruoka这三个研究地点，监测了与两种实验处理有关的植物和昆虫的发生情况：1)地面使用杀菌剂；2)接种VAM真菌。因此，植物和昆虫在处理组中往往比对照组更丰富。此外，室内试验也得到了类似的结果，表明丛枝菌根真菌的定植对植物群落和节肢动物群落的生物多样性产生了影响。2)丛枝丛枝菌根定殖率和前草食程度对提高田间植物群落和节肢动物群落生物多样性的影响通过对丛枝菌根真菌定殖率和鳞翅目幼虫草食程度的控制，将大豆植株移植到…。然后监测草食性害虫的发生情况和植物物质的浓度。总体而言，蓟马的丰度只与VAM真菌的根部定植呈正相关，即前草食对此没有影响，而前草食对蚜虫的丰度有相反的影响。实验室试验也显示出类似的趋势。3)鳞翅目幼虫食草性对VAM真菌定殖率和蚜虫发育的影响在实验室条件下测定了食草性鳞翅目幼虫对VAM真菌根部定殖率和蚜虫行为的影响。鳞翅目幼虫的食草性影响着VAM真菌的根部定殖率、植物体内化学物质的浓度和蚜虫的发育，表现为幼虫自上而下的作用。这些结果表明，基于土壤微生物对植物和昆虫丰度的影响而产生的多变相互作用对生物多样性的影响及其维持具有重要意义。较少

In this project, a series of field and laboratory studies were conducted mainly for three subjects given below.1) Effect of VAM fungi colonization on biodiversity in plant and arthropod communities in the fieldIn the three study sites, Kalimantan, Java and Tsuruoka, occurrences of plants and insects were monitored in relation to two experimental treatments, 1) Ground application of fungicide and 2) inoculation with VAM fungi. As a result, both plants and insects tended to be more abundant in the treatments than in controls. In addition, similar results were also obtained in laboratory trials, suggesting that VAM fungi colonization influenced on biodiversity in plant and arthropod communities.2) Effects of root colonization of VAM fungi and degree of pre-herbivory on increasing biodiversity in plant and arthropod communities in the fieldSoybean plants, which were manipulated in percent of VAM fungi colonization and degree of herbivory by larvae of Lepidoptera, were transplanted in an ag … More ricultural field, and then occurrence of herbivore insects and concentration of plant substances were monitored. In general, abundance of thrips was positively related to only root colonization of VAM fungi, I.e. pre-herbivory did not affect this, whereas pre-herbivory adversely affected abundance of aphids. Laboratory trials also showed the similar tendency. These results suggested that root colonization of VAM fungi and degree of pre-herbivory influenced on abundance of arthropod communities in the field.3) Top-down effects of herbivory by Lepidpteran larvae on VAM fungi colonization and development of aphidsEffects of herbivory by larvae of Lepidoptera on percentage of VAM root colonization and performance of aphids were determined in the laboratory. Herbivory by Lepidoptera larvae affected both percentages of root colonization of VAM fungi, concentration of chemical substances of the plant, and development of aphids, showing the top-down effects by the larvae. Those results suggested that multi-tropic interactions based on the effects of soil microorganisms on abundance of plants and insects are important to influence on biodiversity and its maintaining. Less