Comprehensive Research of Various Communications in Modern Western World

这个研究项目的目的是为了弄清楚，在现代西方世界，随着时间和地点的不同，传播是如何变化的，以及我们在它们的发展过程中可以发现哪些特点。因此，我们得到的第一个成果是10篇单独撰写的研究论文，现在被汇编在研究报告中，范围广泛，从永田的“近代早期德国的印刷技术和改革”，到MINAMI的“烹饪书：欧洲世界的烹饪信息和现代性”。总的来说，通过对近代欧洲各种传播方式的综合集体性研究，我们可以得到以下一些关于其发展的发现：近代欧洲交通的发展有三个时期或阶段：近代早期、近代和近代晚期。但是在近代早期，阅读的发展并不是一帆风顺的，有时印刷的新技术和出版的新媒体还没有被人们和社会所接受，还没有成熟到可以成为阅读公共。近代以来，随着读者群的兴起，大量的期刊应运而生并得到发展，读者群不仅想要了解以印刷形式传达和交流的信息，也想要了解以口头形式传达和交流的信息。但是老式的通讯方式在某些地方幸存了下来。现代晚期，大众传媒社会已经形成，正式传播在社会的各个方面占主导地位，但非正式或反传播媒介在人际网络中也占有一定的地位。

This Research Program aims to make it clear, how various in modern western world by time and place the communications were, and what characteristics we can find out in the process of their development. So the first of the fruits we have got is in the 10 research papers written individually and now compiled in the Research Report, ranging widely from 'Printing Technology and Reformation in Early Modern Germany' by NAGATA, to 'Cookbooks : Cooking Information and Modernity in European World' by MINAMI.Generally speaking, by the comprehensive group studies on various communications in modern Europe, we can get some findings in their development as follows :1.The development of communications in modern Europe has three periods or stages : early modern, modern, and late modern. But in early modern period, the development was not straightforward, at times new technologies in printing and new media in publishing didn't be accepted by people and societies, which were not mature enough to be reading-public.2.In modern period, a lot of periodicals emerged and developed in corresponding to the rise of the reading-public, who sought to know much informations conveyed and communicated in printed form as well as in oral form. But the old-typed communications survived in here and there.3.In late modern period, the mass-media society has been brought into existence, where the formal communications are predominant in every part of society, but informal or counter-communication media have some places in human networks.