In dire straits: The struggle with industrial water pollution in the late Russian Empire (1870-1917)

陷入困境：俄罗斯帝国晚期与工业水污染的斗争（1870-1917）

• 批准号: 456463717
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Julia Herzberg
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Leibniz-Institut für Geschichte und Kultur des östlichen Europa (GWZO)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/456463717?language=en
• 关键词: dire; straits; struggle; industrial; water

The project is devoted to the history of industrial pollution – one of the most important environmental issues of the modern world. Water contamination with toxic or potentially dangerous wastes causes a great number of current ecological problems, from global climate change to destruction of local landscapes. How environmental pollution is understood and managed significantly depends on social and cultural factors: what priority is given to economic growth vs. citizens’ rights; the interrelations between state power and various social groups. By looking at the different forms that these policies and discourses take over time, historical research could improve our understanding of current environmental and social processes.Water pollution became one of the most important issues of industrial growth and urbanization in Europe in the 19th century, and was the main driver for the development of environmental legislation. The history of the struggle with contamination of water with industrial wastes is therefore quite significant for understanding the origins of modern environmental management. The history of water pollution has been well studied for Western European countries (France, Great Britain, and Germany), but many regions still have not been explored from this perspective.The proposed project aims to shed light on the environmental history of imperial Russia. Modern historiography often limits the investigation of water pollution and environmental movements in Russia to the Soviet and post-Soviet era, which is well studied by European and American scholars. However, the impact of Russian industry on the environment – and the efforts to prevent this damage – began long before the Soviet period. The project will show the deeper historical roots of these phenomena and examine how they influenced the formation of comprehensive environmental policy and legislation in Russia.The subject will be viewed from the perspective of social development of late imperial Russia, starting from the Great Reforms of Alexander II, which created the preconditions for wide social debates about living conditions in Russian cities and opened up dialogue between the government and society. Industrialists, citizens, and officials strove to further their interests in conflict situations that erupted in various regions of the empire. These conflicts form the main focus of the project and will be considered against the background of European and American experience, which greatly influenced early environmental management in Russia and offer a comparative perspective.

该项目致力于工业污染的历史--现代世界最重要的环境问题之一。有毒或潜在危险废物造成的水污染导致了大量当前的生态问题，从全球气候变化到当地景观的破坏。如何理解和管理环境污染在很大程度上取决于社会和文化因素：经济增长优先于公民权利；国家权力与各种社会群体之间的相互关系。通过观察这些政策和话语随着时间的推移所采取的不同形式，历史研究可以提高我们对当前环境和社会进程的理解。水污染成为19世纪欧洲工业增长和城市化的最重要问题之一，也是环境立法发展的主要驱动力。因此，与工业废物污染水作斗争的历史对于理解现代环境管理的起源具有相当重要的意义。西欧国家(法国、英国和德国)已经很好地研究了水污染的历史，但许多地区还没有从这个角度进行探索。拟议的项目旨在揭示帝国俄国的环境历史。现代史学往往将对俄罗斯水污染和环境运动的研究局限于苏联和后苏联时代，欧美学者对此进行了很好的研究。然而，俄罗斯工业对环境的影响--以及防止这种破坏的努力--早在苏联时期之前就开始了。该项目将展示这些现象的更深层次的历史根源，并研究它们如何影响俄罗斯全面环境政策和立法的形成。该主题将从帝国晚期俄罗斯社会发展的角度来看待，从亚历山大二世的伟大改革开始，该改革为俄罗斯城市生活条件的广泛社会辩论创造了先决条件，并开启了政府和社会之间的对话。在帝国不同地区爆发的冲突局势中，实业家、公民和官员努力促进他们的利益。这些冲突构成了该项目的主要焦点，并将在欧美经验的背景下加以考虑，这些经验对俄罗斯早期的环境管理产生了很大影响，并提供了一个比较的视角。