Counter-Archives: Peasant Autobiographical Writing form Tsarist Russia to the Soviet Union

反档案：从沙皇俄国到苏联的农民自传写作

• 批准号: 232281441
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Julia Herzberg
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Leibniz-Institut für Geschichte und Kultur des östlichen Europa (GWZO)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Publication Grants
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2011-12-31 至 2012-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/232281441?language=en
• 关键词: Counter; Archives; Peasant; Autobiographical; Writing

Violent, naive, and silent - after serfdom was abolished in 1861 this traditional characterization ofthe Russian peasant was no longer accurate. The peasant became the symbol of a society in flux.In autobiographies and diaries peasants told of their lives as slaves, autodidacts and religiousvisionaries and won over a readership.thatJoundin.theseJextsnot.onlv-the.supposedly-^»authentic« peasants, but also alternative models of society. Anti-autocratic publicists, in particular,began to turn to peasants as writers of autobiographical texts and as thinking and actingindividuals. For them these texts represented counter-archives with which they hoped to asserttheir views about the Russian empire. Before the abolition of serfdom, collecting and publishing thestories of peasants' life journeys had been impossible; now, however, they became a popularmeans of debating notions about the political and social order and questions of social inequality.On the basis of 300 autobiographical texts, 1 show how being released from their pre-determinedroles shaped the self-presentation of the peasants, who were able to draw upon a larger spectrumof possibilities than previously available when writing about themselves.My study consists of four parts. The first chapter focuses on historiographical and archivalpractices regarding the treatment of autobiographical writing. In Russian historical scholarshipautobiographers weren't thought of primarily as authorities about their own lives. Rather, historianssaw in them »witnesses« of a past made inaccessible by censorship and closed archives. Thistestimonial character which was attributed to the autobiographical texts not only shaped how theywere read and interpreted, but also determined how they were archived and transmitted. In thesecond part of my study the emphasis turns to the creation ofthe texts. 1 present three socialspaces - the press and the media, autobiographical projects initiated by scholars, and the familycircle - in which peasant men and women recorded their lives. The goal of the study was todetermine the boundaries of these three realms. It was not possible to write as a »peasant«everywhere or in the same manner. In order to talk about oneself and to be preserved along withone's text, certain experiences had to be presented and the appropriate forms of self-descriptionhad to be used to establish a connection with collective identities which represented a specificnotion of social order.I see the primary contribution of my study as being able to show that the notions of social orderwhich could be conceived of and spoken about became more fluid in the Russian Empire after1861. Marginalized groups also reacted to these changes, attempting to find a new position in thesocial sphere by writing and collecting peasant autobiographical writing. In the 1930s notions ofsocial order solidified once again. Particularly in the public sphere there was no longer anyaudience for writing that was critical of society. Collectivization stifled peasant autonomy, and withit the opportunity to narrate one's own life.

暴力、天真、沉默--在1861年农奴制被废除后，这种对俄国农民的传统描述不再准确。农民成为不断变化的社会的象征。在自传和日记中，农民讲述了他们作为奴隶、自学成才者和宗教远见者的生活，并赢得了读者群。thatJoundin.theseJextsnot.onlv-the.据称-^»真实的«农民，但也是社会的另类模式。特别是反专制主义者，开始把农民当作自传文本的作者，当作思考和行动的个体。对他们来说，这些文本代表了反档案，他们希望以此来维护自己对俄罗斯帝国的看法。在农奴制废除之前，收集和出版农民的人生旅途故事是不可能的;然而，现在，它们却成了讨论政治和社会秩序以及社会不平等问题的流行手段。在300篇自传文本的基础上，1展示了从预定角色中解放出来是如何塑造农民自我形象的，他们在写自己的时候能够利用比以前更大的可能性。我的研究包括四个部分。第一章主要论述了史学界和档案界关于自传体写作的处理实践。在俄国历史上，传记作家并不被认为是他们自己生活的权威。相反，历史学家们在他们身上看到了过去的“见证者”，而审查制度和封闭的档案馆使他们无法进入。自传体文本的这种见证性特征不仅决定了自传体文本的阅读和解读方式，也决定了自传体文本的存档和传播方式。第二部分的研究重点转向文本的创造。1提出了三个社会空间-新闻和媒体，学者发起的自传体项目，以及家庭圈-农民男女记录他们的生活。这项研究的目的是确定这三个领域的界限。作为一个“农民”，不可能在任何地方或以同样的方式写作。为了谈论自己并沿着自己的文本，一定的经验必须被提出和适当的形式的自我-我认为我的研究的主要贡献是能够表明，社会秩序的概念，可以设想和谈论变得更加流动，在1861年后的俄罗斯帝国边缘群体也对这些变化做出了反应，试图通过写作和收集农民自传体作品来寻找在社会领域的新位置。在20世纪30年代，社会秩序的概念再次固化。特别是在公共领域，对社会持批评态度的作品不再有读者。集体化扼杀了农民的自主权，也扼杀了农民讲述自己生活的机会。