Comparative study of popular newspapers in France, UK and Japan at the end of 19 century

法国、英国和日本在19世纪末经历了大众传媒的发展和信息民主化。特别是在我们的项目中发现，在三个民族国家的三场战争中，中法战争（1884-1885），中日战争（1894-95）和布尔战争（1899-1902），这些变化在每个国家的进展。在日本，通过东京出版的《读卖新闻》和大阪出版的《大阪朝日新闻》的研究发现，虽然在甲午战争期间通过战争报道和讲谈故事、小说、广告传播了朝鲜人、中国人和士兵的形象，但在中法战争中，以电报新闻和社论专栏为主的战争报道的冷静令人印象深刻。在法国，通过分析《L’illustrated》、《Glaube》、《Petit Journal Fence Illustree》、《Le Rim》和《Gile Blas Illustre》的战争报道，以及凡尔内姆·洛蒂（Vernem Loti）、莫帕桑（Maupassant）和塔鲁德（Tharuad）的战争作品，发现在信息普及的同时，战争报道与文学作品通过戏剧题材吸引公众兴趣的竞争，提出了文学扮演什么角色的问题。在这样的背景下，第三共和国作为一个民族国家的政治意识形态和社会文化就形成了。在英国，通过分析《图解伦敦新闻与图形》可以发现，战争报道、广告和通俗文学产生了理想士兵和理想国家的形象，虽然军队和国家中出现了一些异质因素，但不同种族、军事和民事世界、文明和野蛮之间的既定界限变得不稳定。因此，作为大众传媒的大众报纸与民族国家的战争有着深刻的关系。因此，民族主义的高涨和媒介文学的变革在对民族的宣传方面进展迅速。

France, Britain and Japan experienced the development of mass media and the democratization of information at the end of nineteenth century. Especially it was found out in our project that the progress of those changes in each countries in three wars by three nation-states, the Sino-French War (1884-1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), and the Boer War (1899-1902). In Japan, by the research of Yomiuri Shimbun published in Tokyo and Osaka Asahi Shimbun published in Osaka, it became clear that calmness of war coverage consisted of telegram news and editorial columns was impressive at the Sino-French War, though popular images of Koreans, Chinese and soldiers were spread through war reporting as well as Kodan story telling, novels, and advertisements during the Sino-Japanese War. In France, by analyzing the war reports in L'llustration, Glaube, Petit Journal Fence Illustree, Le Rim and Gile Blas Illustre, and war works by Vernem Loti, Maupassant and Tharuad, it was found that while information became popularized, the question of what role literature assume was raised in consequent of competition between war coverage and literary works to attract public interest through dramatic subjects. In that background, there was the political ideology and social culture of the Third Republic as a nation-state. In Britain, through analyzing Illustrate London News and Graphic it could be found that war reporting, advertisements and popular literature produced images of the ideal soldier and ideal nation, though some heterogeneous elements became clear in the army and the nation, then the established boundaries between different ethnicity, military and civil worlds, and civilization and barbarism became destabilized. Thus popular newspapers as mass media had a deep relation with the wars by nation-states. Consequently uplift of nationalism and changes in media and literature progressed quickly under the aspect of propaganda toward the nation peoples.