An experimental study on magmatic hydrothermal supply of organic materials to the biosphere

研究了水热条件下有机材料的制备过程。热液中的有机质可能来源于岩石-水反应或生物热分解。特别是微生物的热分解，这是一个深生物圈中的大多数，预计是最重要的来源之一，有机质的起源。我们在Seifreid型水热反应装置的基础上构建了一个装置，该装置能够独立控制温度和压力，最高可达400℃和50 MPa。此外，我们开发了一种蓄能器采样装置，在高压和高温下将微生物细胞注入反应容器并从反应容器中回收，而不会造成微生物细胞的显著损失。利用该装置进行了微生物荧光珠回收实验，成功地从反应容器中定量回收了微生物颗粒。使用我们的设备dec ...更多信息 在深海热液条件下（350℃，50 MPa）进行了嗜温细菌（大肠杆菌）和超嗜热古菌（贾氏甲烷球菌）的复合实验。这些细胞的分解在反应一开始就进行，并且抵抗细胞的比例在15分钟时下降到10%，1小时时为0.1%，2小时后<0.01%。发现具有不同最适生长温度的两种微生物之间的细胞分解过程没有差异。细胞有机化合物的分解观察到双层磷脂，核糖体，和基因组DNA在这个顺序。据报道，在这种条件下，生物体的纯高分子有机材料（HMWOM），例如核酸、蛋白质和脂质，在15分钟内容易分解。已知这些HMWOM的稳定性通过添加岩石和粘土矿物而增加。我们的结果表明，与游离HMWOM相比，HMWOM在细胞中的稳定性也增加。这表明在岩浆热液体系中，细胞中的高分子量有机质比传统的观点更稳定。少

Production processes of organic materials (OM) were investigated under experimental hydrothermal conditions. The OM in hydrothermal fluids were presumed to originate from rock-water reaction and/or thermal decomposition of organisms. Especially, the thermal decomposition of microorganisms, which were the majority of a deep-biosphere, is expected to be one of the most important sources for the origin of the OM. We constructed an equipment based on a Seifreid type hydrothermal reaction equipment, which is able to control temperature and pressure up to 400℃ and 50 MPa independently. In addition, we developed an accumulator sampling devise to inject microbial cells into and to recover than from the reaction vessel under high pressure and temperature without significant losses of microbial cells. Microbial-sized particles were successfully recovered from the reaction vessel quantitatively by a recovery experiment of microbial-sized fluorescent beads with the devise. Using our equipment, dec … More omposition experiment of mesophilic bacteria (Escherichia coli) and hyperthermophilic archaea (Methanocaldococcus janaschii) was conducted under deep-sea hydrothermal condition (350℃, 50 MPa). The decomposition of these cells were processed as soon as the start of the reaction and the proportion of resisting cells decreased to 10% at 15 min., 0.1% at 1 hour, and <0.01% after 2 hours. There found to be no difference in the cell decomposition process between the two species of microorganisms with different optimal growth temperatures. Decomposition of cellular organic compounds was observed bi-layer phospholipids, ribosome, and genomic DNA in this order. It was reported that pure high molecular organic materials (HMWOM) of organisms, e.g. nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, were easily decomposed within 15 min. under such conditions. The stability of these HMWOM was known to increase by addition of rock-and clay-minerals. Our results showed that stability of the HMWOM in cells also increased compared to free HMWOM. This suggests that the HMWOM in cells is much more stable in the magmatic hydrothermal systems than conventional idea. Less