An experimental study on magmatic hydrothermal supply of organic materials to the biosphere

在实验水热条件下研究了有机材料(OM)的生产工艺。热水流体中的有机质可能来源于岩石-水反应和/或生物的热分解。尤其是，微生物的热分解被认为是有机质起源的最重要来源之一，微生物是深层生物圈的大多数。我们构建了一套基于Seifreid型水热反应装置的装置，该装置能够独立控制温度和压力，最高可达400Mpa和50Mpa。此外，我们还研制了一种蓄积器取样装置，可以在高压和高温下将微生物细胞注入反应容器中，并从反应容器中回收微生物细胞，而不会造成微生物细胞的显著损失。利用该装置对微生物尺寸的荧光小球进行了回收实验，成功地从反应容器中定量回收了微生物尺寸的颗粒。使用我们的设备，Dec…在深海热液条件下(350℃，50 Mpa)，进行了嗜中性菌(大肠杆菌)和高温古生菌(雅纳氏甲烷球菌)的进一步复合实验。反应一开始，这些细胞就开始分解，抵抗细胞的比例在15分钟时降至10%，1小时降至0.1%，2小时后降至0.01%。不同最适生长温度的两种微生物在细胞分解过程中没有差异。细胞有机化合物的分解依次为双层磷脂、核糖体和基因组DNA。据报道，生物体中的纯高分子有机物质(HMWOM)，如核酸、蛋白质和脂类，在15分钟内很容易分解。在这样的条件下。众所周知，这些HMWOM的稳定性通过添加岩石和粘土矿物而增加。我们的结果表明，与游离的HMWOM相比，HMWOM在细胞内的稳定性也提高了。这表明在岩浆热液系统中，细胞内的HMWOM比传统的观点更稳定。较少

Production processes of organic materials (OM) were investigated under experimental hydrothermal conditions. The OM in hydrothermal fluids were presumed to originate from rock-water reaction and/or thermal decomposition of organisms. Especially, the thermal decomposition of microorganisms, which were the majority of a deep-biosphere, is expected to be one of the most important sources for the origin of the OM. We constructed an equipment based on a Seifreid type hydrothermal reaction equipment, which is able to control temperature and pressure up to 400℃ and 50 MPa independently. In addition, we developed an accumulator sampling devise to inject microbial cells into and to recover than from the reaction vessel under high pressure and temperature without significant losses of microbial cells. Microbial-sized particles were successfully recovered from the reaction vessel quantitatively by a recovery experiment of microbial-sized fluorescent beads with the devise. Using our equipment, dec … More omposition experiment of mesophilic bacteria (Escherichia coli) and hyperthermophilic archaea (Methanocaldococcus janaschii) was conducted under deep-sea hydrothermal condition (350℃, 50 MPa). The decomposition of these cells were processed as soon as the start of the reaction and the proportion of resisting cells decreased to 10% at 15 min., 0.1% at 1 hour, and <0.01% after 2 hours. There found to be no difference in the cell decomposition process between the two species of microorganisms with different optimal growth temperatures. Decomposition of cellular organic compounds was observed bi-layer phospholipids, ribosome, and genomic DNA in this order. It was reported that pure high molecular organic materials (HMWOM) of organisms, e.g. nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, were easily decomposed within 15 min. under such conditions. The stability of these HMWOM was known to increase by addition of rock-and clay-minerals. Our results showed that stability of the HMWOM in cells also increased compared to free HMWOM. This suggests that the HMWOM in cells is much more stable in the magmatic hydrothermal systems than conventional idea. Less