Studies on Forest Commons from the aspects of Communication and Theory of Civic Society

为了达到这一目标，我们主要进行了以下研究工作：1)邀请了三位关于“公地”的著名学者：哲学家、社会学家和经济学家，与项目成员进行坦率的讨论；2)就“公地”概念的定义及其对自然资源管理的可用性举行了五次内部密集讨论会议；3)小组考察访问了英国的公地和相关的公共和私人组织；4)各成员研究领域的实地考察。作为项目成果，2004年秋季在筑波大学举行的日本森林经济学会下半年会员大会上，我们推动并主持了“森林公地”并行会议。此外，还出版了一本学术书籍，成员们还将出版另一本。正如项目的标题所示，研究的重点是社群主义和“公民社会”理论之间的某种和解。在其他…中更多的是，我们试图将我们对Iriai公共森林的传统学术知识和认识与我们对最近盛行的保护和管理人工或半自然林地的公民运动日益关注的情况相结合。我们还可以考虑扩大公地的定义范围，使用“全球”公地或“网络”公地这样的词。主要的争议点是：1)公地应该是生产性的？2)公地应该是地方性的还是地区性的？3)公地和治理之间的关系是什么？因此，我们还没有成功地直接解决这些问题，并将传统公地和新兴的公地联系起来。可取的是，我们可以说，术语“公地”的用法多种多样，如何定义它取决于用户。正如我们在去年秋天的JFES会议上的副标题“使用公地概念作为理解的工具”一样，我们可以得出结论，关于所有权和自然资源管理的公地概念对于建立地方环境治理非常关键。较少

In order to approach the goal, we practiced mainly the following research works : 1)inviting totally three prominent scholars on "Commons" : a philosopher ; a sociologist ; and an economist, to have frank discussion with the project members ; 2)having five internal intensive discussion meetings on definition of "Commons" concept and its availability for natural resource management ; 3)group research tour visiting common lands and related public and private organizations in England ; 4)on-site survey in each member's research field.As outputs of the project, we promoted and managed a concurrent session on "Forest Commons" at the second half general meeting of the Japanese Forest Economics Society held at University of Tsukuba in the fall of 2004. Moreover an academic book was published and one more will be published soon by the members.As the title of the project shows, focal point of the study was some kind of reconciliation between Communitarism and theory of "civic society". In other … More words, we tried to combine our traditional academic knowledge and recognition on Iriai communal forest which is the well-known type of "tight" commons in the world with our increasing concerns with recent prevailing civic movement protecting and managing man-made or semi-natural woodlots. We might also concern with expanding sphere of definition of commons using the word like "global" commons or "cyber" commons. Major disputed points were those : 1)should commons be productive? ; 2)should commons be local or regional? ; 3)what is the relationship between commons and governance?In consequence, we have not succeeded to directly solve the questions and to connect the traditional commons and the newly emerging commons yet. Preferably, we can say that the term "commons" is used quite variously and how to define it depends on users. As we sub-titled the session at the last fall's JFES conference "Using Commons concept as a tool for understanding", we can conclude that the idea of commons on ownership and natural resource management is very crucial for establishment of local environmental governance. Less