Studies on Forest Commons from the aspects of Communication and Theory of Civic Society

为了实现这一目标，我们主要做了以下几个方面的研究工作：1）邀请了哲学家、社会学家和经济学家三位著名的“公地”学者与项目成员进行坦诚的讨论; 2）召开了五次内部集中讨论会，讨论“公地”概念的定义及其在自然资源管理中的适用性; 3）团体研究访问英国公共土地和相关的公共和私人组织; 4）对各成员研究领域的现场调查。作为项目的产出，我们推动并管理了一个关于“森林公地”的同期会议，2004年秋季在筑波大学举行的日本森林经济学会下半年大会上，此外，成员们还出版了一本学术著作，不久还将出版另一本。正如项目的标题所示，研究的重点是在共产主义与“公民社会”理论之间实现某种和解。换句 关于我们 本文以联合收割机为例，将我们对入合森林这一世界上著名的“紧”公地类型的传统学术知识和认识，与我们对近年来流行的保护和管理人工或半天然林地的公民运动日益关注相结合。我们还可能关注使用“全球”公地或“网络”公地等词来扩大公地的定义范围。主要的争议点是：1）公地应该是生产性的吗？（2）公共资源应该是地方性的还是区域性的？（3）公地与治理的关系是什么？因此，我们还没有成功地直接解决问题，连接传统的公地和新兴的公地。我们最好可以说，“公地”一词的使用非常多样，如何定义它取决于用户。正如我们在去年秋天的JFES会议上将会议的副标题定为“使用公地概念作为理解的工具”，我们可以得出结论，关于所有权和自然资源管理的公地概念对于建立地方环境治理至关重要。少

In order to approach the goal, we practiced mainly the following research works : 1)inviting totally three prominent scholars on "Commons" : a philosopher ; a sociologist ; and an economist, to have frank discussion with the project members ; 2)having five internal intensive discussion meetings on definition of "Commons" concept and its availability for natural resource management ; 3)group research tour visiting common lands and related public and private organizations in England ; 4)on-site survey in each member's research field.As outputs of the project, we promoted and managed a concurrent session on "Forest Commons" at the second half general meeting of the Japanese Forest Economics Society held at University of Tsukuba in the fall of 2004. Moreover an academic book was published and one more will be published soon by the members.As the title of the project shows, focal point of the study was some kind of reconciliation between Communitarism and theory of "civic society". In other … More words, we tried to combine our traditional academic knowledge and recognition on Iriai communal forest which is the well-known type of "tight" commons in the world with our increasing concerns with recent prevailing civic movement protecting and managing man-made or semi-natural woodlots. We might also concern with expanding sphere of definition of commons using the word like "global" commons or "cyber" commons. Major disputed points were those : 1)should commons be productive? ; 2)should commons be local or regional? ; 3)what is the relationship between commons and governance?In consequence, we have not succeeded to directly solve the questions and to connect the traditional commons and the newly emerging commons yet. Preferably, we can say that the term "commons" is used quite variously and how to define it depends on users. As we sub-titled the session at the last fall's JFES conference "Using Commons concept as a tool for understanding", we can conclude that the idea of commons on ownership and natural resource management is very crucial for establishment of local environmental governance. Less