Human Ecological survey on environmental pollution in Asian developing country and exposure-effect relationship in children

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health risks posed on the school-age children by water pollutions, to elucidate the exposure route for the pollutants, and to identify the major factors that modify the dose-response relationship between the exposure and the health consequences. The target population was three communities located in the tributary of Chitarum river in Western Java, Indonesia. The three communities differ in their ecological settings, thus, rice-cultivating agricultural community (R), dry-field-cultivating agricultural community (D), and piscicultural community (P) near a large water reservoir (dam).In the first year, biological samples (blood and urine) of the school children were collected. Both the acetyl-chorine esterase (AChE) activity in the blood and metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (DMP, DEP, DMTP, and DETP) in the urine was determined. revealed that The P community had the highest exposure among the three. Interview survey conducted at the s … More ame period showed the P village had fewer proportion of households engaged in agricultural works, and had more frequent consumption of fresh water fish than the other two communities, suggesting that the exposure route for the pesticides should be different from the two agricultural communities. In the second year, a modified "spot-check" method was used to clarify the activity pattern of the subject children, and samples of drinking water and freshwater fish were collected, which enabled us to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of water/food to the exposure. Another interview survey was conducted to examine the usage and storage of pesticides, which revealed that approximately 30% of the subject households have been using pesticide(s) with moderate or severe toxicity, but half of the households were keeping them inside the house. Thus, possible exposure through such uncontrolled storage was suggested. Finally, many households in the P village used the reservoir water for their daily living including drinking. Less