A Comparison Between Japan and the U.S. in Correspondence Bias : A Study of a Psychological Process Producing Misunderstanding of Different Cultures

日本和美国的对应偏差比较:对不同文化产生误解的心理过程的研究

• 批准号: 15402043
• 负责人: TAKANO Yohtaro
• 金额: $ 3.01万
• 依托单位: The University of Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2003 至 2004
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15402043/
• 关键词: correspondence bias; fundamental attribution error; Japan-US cultural difference; attitude attribution; comparative culture; 文化比較; 原因帰属; 日本; アメリカ

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the magnitude of correspondence bias was different between Japan and the U.S. to test an assertion that correspondence bias is weaker in Japan than in the U.S. We conducted a questionnaire experiment in both Japan and the U.S. to assess the magnitude of correspondence bias.The questionnaire first presented a description of a situation in which a political statement was made followed by the statement, and then asked respondents to infer a true opinion of a person who made the statement. Based on a preliminary study with other 1488 respondents, we prepared eight kinds of the questionnaire, which differed in the situation, its strength of enforcement, and the magnitude of correspondence bias. A total of 1157 American undergraduates and 712 Japanese undergraduates answered the questionnaires.The above assertion contrasted "European culture" and "Japanese culture." Among the American respondents, accordingly, only those with European backgrou … More nd could provide appropriate data. Our American respondents were undergraduates of San Francisco State University, in which the majority had non-European background as those who had Asian background. Among our 1157 American respondents, those with European background were only 291. It was impossible to reach a clear conclusion with statistical tests because the number of respondents was only around 18 per each condition. It is necessary to continue the study to obtain more respondents with European background.The tentative results were as follows : In one of the employed two stories (i.e., a religious conflict between Hindu and Islam), American respondents showed consistently stronger correspondence bias. In the other story (i.e., an ethnic conflict in Kosovo), however, no such tendency was observed. The contents of the statements that were supposed to be made by the person identified in the questionnaire were identical between these two stories except that proper names were changed (e.g., from "Muslims" to "Serbs"). As a tentative conclusion, therefore, it is inferred that the magnitude of correspondence bias may be affected more strongly by situational difference than cultural difference. Less

本研究的目的是检验日本和美国之间的通信偏差的大小是否不同，以检验日本的通信偏差比美国弱的断言。我们在日本和美国进行了问卷调查实验来评估通信偏差的大小。该问卷首先描述了一种情况，在这种情况下发表了一项政治声明，随后又发表了一项声明，然后要求受访者推断出发表声明的人的真实观点。在对1488名被调查者进行初步研究的基础上，我们编制了8种不同情况、不同执行力度和不同对应偏差程度的问卷。共有1157名美国大学生和712名日本大学生回答了问卷。上述论断对比了“欧洲文化”和“日本文化”。因此，在美国受访者中，只有具有欧洲背景的人才能提供适当的数据。我们的美国受访者是旧金山州立大学的本科生，其中大多数是非欧洲背景，而那些具有亚洲背景。在1157名美国受访者中，有欧洲背景的只有291人。每种情况的回答者只有18人左右，因此无法通过统计检验得出明确的结论。有必要继续研究以获得更多具有欧洲背景的受访者。初步结果如下：在两个故事中的一个（即印度教徒和伊斯兰教之间的宗教冲突）中，美国受访者始终表现出更强的对应偏见。然而，在另一个故事（即科索沃的种族冲突）中，没有观察到这种趋势。本应由调查表中确定的人所作的陈述内容在这两个故事中是相同的，只是专有名称有所改变（例如，从“穆斯林”改为“塞尔维亚人”）。因此，作为一个尝试性的结论，我们推断情境差异比文化差异对对应偏差的影响更大。少