Incrustations in Roman villas in the Rhine and Moselle area:Studies on the provenance of natural stones and their use

除了大规模的石头建筑外，罗马人还把用硬壳装饰房间的时尚带到了莱茵河左岸地区。虽然壁画、马赛克和浴室属于罗马别墅家具的标准，但硬壳在相对较少的别墅中流传下来。在Vettweis-Froitzheim和Jüchen的乡村别墅中发现了大量珍贵的内部遗迹（都在莱茵河地区）、奥伯魏斯、梅林、瓦瑟利施、孔茨、普法尔泽尔、摩泽尔河上的席伦和火山艾菲尔的洛伊德斯多夫别墅。尽管人们对乡村别墅和私人别墅的研究兴趣越来越大，迄今为止，结壳很少受到关注，并且代表了Villae研究中的一个必要条件。计划中的跨学科研究旨在缩小这一差距，并建立在以前的研究项目的结果，已经取得了马尔莫拉从特里尔和克桑滕的公共建筑。该研究的核心是由七个villae rusticae从罗马省加利亚Belgica和日耳曼尼亚下。另外两个庄园（Palativos和Villa Konz），被解释为皇帝的座位，被选为比较的例子。该研究主要致力于两个主要问题：考古调查的目的是检查关于墙壁和地板护岸的前外观的结壳遗迹，以获得对这种罗马别墅装饰的新见解，与绘画，雕塑和马赛克相比，迄今为止很少探索。将研究装饰方案和材料种类，并与邻近省份和地中海的同步结壳时尚进行比较，以突出区域发展并参考地中海实例。这样对优质设备的分析，直接关系到业主社会地位的评估。此外，还将对私人别墅和皇家别墅进行比较研究，以显示客户在获得珍贵和受追捧的材料方面的可能性和限制。考古学分析用于获得装饰石的种类和来源，从地中海地区进口的数量以及区域资源的提取和使用的新见解。还将调查何时以及在哪些别墅中记录大多数进口石材的问题，以及何时，何地以及为什么使用最多的区域天然石材类型。将两种研究方法的结果结合起来，从艺术历史、社会、文化历史、特定来源和贸易相关的角度对罗马别墅的设备进行新的见解。此外，通过对新发现的复合体的深入研究，将为国际上对罗马石材贸易的研究做出重大贡献。

Together with the massive stone construction, the Romans also brought into the areas on the left bank of the Rhine the fashion to furnish rooms with incrustations.While mural paintings, mosaics and baths belonged to the standard of Roman villa furnishings, incrustations are handed down in comparatively few villas. Numorous remnants of this precious interior were found in the villae rusticae Vettweis-Froitzheim and Jüchen (both in the Rhine area), Oberweis, Mehring, Wasserliesch, Konz, Pfalzel, Schieren on the Moselle and in the Villa Leudersdorf in the Volcanic Eifel.Regardless of the increased interest in the study of villae rusticae and private villas, incrustations have so far received little attention and represent a desideratum in the research of villae. The planned, iterdisciplinary study intends to close this gap and builds on the results of the previous research projects that have been achieved for marmora from the public buildings in Trier and Xanten.The core of the study is formed by seven villae rusticae from the Roman provinces Gallia Belgica and Germania inferior. Two other estates (Palatiolum and Villa Konz), which are interpreted as the imperial seat, were chosen as comparative examples. The study is essentially devoted to two major issues:The aim of the archaeological investigation is to examine the remains of incrustations with regard to the former appearance of wall and floor revetments in order to gain new insights into this kind of furnishing of Roman villae that has been – in contrast to painting, sculpture and mosaics – little explored so far. Decoration schemes and variety of materials are to be studied and compared to simultaneous incrustation fashion in neighbour provinces and Mediterranean in order to highlite regional development and reference to Mediterranean examples. Such an analysis of the high-quality equipment is directly linked to the assessment of the social status of the property owner. Moreover, comparative studies between the villas in private and imperial ownership are to be carried out in order to show the possibilities and limits of the clients with regard to access to precious and sought after materials.Archaeometric analysis is used to gain new insights into variety and provenance of decorative stones, the volume of imports from the Mediterranean region and into extraction and use of regional resources. The question of when and in which villas most of the imported stones are to be documented and when, where and why regional natural stone types are used most will also be investigated. By linking the results of both research approaches, new insights into the equipment of the roman villas from art-historical, social, cultural-historical, provenance-specific and trade-related perspectives are to be worked out. Furthermore, through profound work on new find complexes, a significant contribution to the international research on the Roman stone trade is to be made.