Feudal system revisited: The Danish example as a regional specific feature or a European standard case in the Middle Ages?

1994年，苏珊·雷诺兹发表专著《封地与附庸》，对19、20世纪形成的封建制度的理想典型模式提出了主要质疑，震动了国际和德国的中世纪研究。到目前为止，对地区的分析在一定程度上证明了雷诺兹的论点是正确的，他们已经证明，中世纪封建制度的存在是相当合理的——具有地区多样性，而不仅仅是一种严格和合法的形式。具有区域视角并力求重新定义封建制度的示范性研究是一种可取的做法。基于丹麦的例子，在此之前没有考虑到这一点，拟议的为期三年的项目预期从“博士生和同等学历”类别的科学助理（0,65 TV-L 13）想要对此作出反应。丹麦在许多方面为具有欧洲有效性的区域研究提供了良好的基础：过去，丹麦封建制度的存在被否定，但这一观点最近得到了修正。以前的评估可能是由于封建制度的旧定义，它不允许任何偏差。之间的紧密联系丹麦国王和神圣罗马帝国,Erich七世之间的争端和荷斯坦牛的数量是否公国的石勒苏益格封地,一致的名字由于丹麦和德国的封地,最后但并非最不重要,在丹麦的几届中世纪来源标明封建制度建议很允许的封建制度对丹麦。该项目希望通过三个方面来解决这个问题：首先，应该创建一个尽可能重要的集合，其中包括与相关封建术语和背景有关的丹麦来源-作为为该应用程序准备的来源语料库的延续。其次，这份详细的清单必须成为分析中世纪丹麦的封臣和封地之间是否存在因果关系的工作基础。第三，关于封建制度的普遍存在和重新定义也可能适用于泛欧洲的问题将得到回答-从丹麦的情况开始。综上所述，本文的目的是对之前关于丹麦封建制度（不）存在的研究立场进行深入的重新评估，以扩展关于神圣罗马帝国和欧洲其他地区的当前历史话语的知识，最后，通过尝试定义，将结果用于中世纪对封建制度的一般研究。

In 1994, Susan Reynolds principally queried the ideal-typical model of the feudal system as it was created in the 19th and 20th century by publishing her monograph “Fiefs and Vassals” which shook the international as well as the German medieval studies. Regional analyses have qualified Reynolds’ theses to some extent by now and they have demonstrated that it is quite justified to speak of the existence of a medieval feudal system – with regional varieties and not just in a rigid and lawful form. Exemplary studies which have a regional perspective and strive for a redefinition of the feudal system are a desideratum. Based on the example of Denmark which has not been considered in this context before, the proposed three-year project foreseen for a scientific assistant from the category of “doctoral student and equivalent” (0,65 TV-L 13) wants to react to this. Denmark provides a good basis for a regional study with European validi-ty in many respects: In the past, the existence of a Danish feudal system was negated, but this point of view has recently been revised. It may be that the previous assessment resulted from the old definition of a feudal system which did not tolerate any deviations. The close connection between the Danish kings and the Holy Roman Empire, the dispute between Erich VII and the counts of Holstein over the question whether the duchy of Schleswig was a fief, the accordance by name due to the Danish and German term of fief and, last but not least, the appearance of several terms in Danish medieval sources which indicate a feudal system suggest that it is quite allowed to talk of a feudal system with regard to Denmark. The project wants to approach the question by a triad: First, there should be created a collection as significant as possible which includes Danish sources relating to the relevant feudal terms and contexts – in continuation of a corpus of sources prepared for this application. Second, this detailed list has to be the working basis for the analysis to figure out whether there was a causal relation of vassalage and fief in medieval Denmark, too. Third, the question concerning the general existence of the feudal sys-tem and a redefinition which also may fit pan-European varieties will be answered – starting with the Danish case. In conclusion, the aim is to make an in-depth reassessment of the previous research positions on the (non-)existence of the feudal system in Denmark, to extend the knowledge with regard to the current historical discourse on the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe and, finally, to use the results for the general medieval research on the feudal system by giving an attempt of definition.