judicial review in judicial reform

为了激活日本的司法审查，我们对几个国家的司法审查进行了比较研究，特别是德国联邦宪法法院，得出了以下结论：(1)德国宪法法院作为现代宪法法院制度的原型，积极履行保障基本人权、维护宪法秩序的职能。它在实体法律和程序上都显示出其独到之处，人们对它一直高度信任。(2)德国模式的宪法法院制度的国家，根据其宪法文化，在具体程序、权力和职能上存在一些差异。(3)宪法法院的法官比其他法官具有更强、更清晰的宪法意识、政治意识和自己的人格意识。(4)在欧洲，法院制度的三个分支，即普通司法法院、宪法法院和欧洲法院，分别发挥各自的作用，有效保障基本人权。(5)日本是否设立独立的宪法法院，都迫切需要一部专门的宪法程序法，才能使我国的司法审查更加活跃。

In order to activate the judicial review in Japan, we have made a comparative study of judicial review in several countries, especially that of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, and have the following conclusions.(1) The German Constitutional Court, which is the archetype of the modern constitutional court systems, actively fulfills its functions to protect the fundamental human rights and to maintain the constitutional order. It shows its originality with respect to both substantive laws and procedures, and people constantly have high trust in it.(2) In countries with a constitutional court system after the German model, there are some differences in the concrete procedures, powers and functions according to their constitutional cultures.(3) The judges of constitutional courts have stronger and clearer consciousnesses of the constitution, politics and their own personality than other judges.(4) In Europe three branches of the court system, i.e. an ordinary judicial court, a constitutional court and the European Court of Justice, respectively play their roles to protect the fundamental human rights effectively.(5) Whether or not we set up an independent constitutional court in Japan, we are much in need of a special law of Constitutional Procedure in order to make our judicial review active.