Ultrasonic Permeation of Stimuli-Responsive Microgels through Porous Media as a Model Process for Drug Transfer

无针给药（NFDD）系统将特定量的药物驱动到给药部位，绕过皮下注射针，具有可重复使用的选项。实现成功的药物输送取决于使液体射流并加速它的能力，同时不对皮肤或药物分子的完整性造成伤害。所提出的研究的主要目标是利用高频超声波（MHz阶）从微凝胶水溶液中形成一个薄的液体射流，并渗透通过模拟多孔组织。聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺）（PNIPAM）微凝胶，这是热响应，并在32 °C下进行体积相变，将被用作药物载体的模型系统。形成一个稳定的液体射流，其中包含溶胀PNIPAM微凝胶，一方面，其穿透多孔组织的能力，另一方面，是所提出的研究的最重要的目标。第二个目标是引入和研究高频声波作为PNIPAM微凝胶的新刺激。初步实验表明，在足够低的激励振幅下，液-气界面不经历射流形成。因此，该溶液有足够的时间来吸收足够的能量来破坏氢键，并且PNIPAM微凝胶由于吸收声能而不是热能而经历体积相变。这开辟了一个新的研究方向相比，射流形成使用超声驱动。

Needle-free drug delivery (NFDD) systems drive a specific amount of a drug into the site of delivery, bypassing the hypodermic needle with a reusable option. Achieving a successful drug delivery depends on the ability to make the liquid jet and accelerate it while no harm is done to the skin or the integrity of drug molecules. The primary goal of the proposed research is to utilize high-frequency ultrasonic (MHz-order) waves to form a thin liquid jet from microgel aqueous solutions and permeate through a simulated porous tissue. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels, which are thermo-responsive and undergo a volume phase transition at 32 °C, will be used as the model system for drug carriers. Formation of a stable liquid jet that contains swollen PNIPAM microgels on the one hand and its ability to penetrate through the porous tissue, on the other hand, are the most important objectives of the proposed research. A secondary goal is to introduce and investigate the high-frequency acoustic waves as a novel stimulus for PNIPAM microgels. It was shown in preliminary experiments that upon low enough excitation amplitude, the liquid-air interface does not experience the jet formation. Hence, the solution has sufficient time to absorb adequate energy for breaking the hydrogen bonds and PNIPAM microgels undergo a volume phase transition due to the absorption of acoustic energy instead of thermal energy. This opens up a new research direction in contrast to jet formation using ultrasonic actuation.