Anthropological Studies of Local Knowledge and Politics about Ecology in Mountain, Forest and Steppe Areas in Asia

2000年至2002年期间，我们在蒙古、喜马拉雅山（尼泊尔和不丹）和中亚（乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦）进行了研究。由于社会主义经济向市场经济的转变，蒙古社会正在发生巨大的变化，这对生态产生了影响，我们通过人类学、经济、生态学（包括气象学和草原学）的研究从不同的方面明确了这一点。研究领域为乌兰巴托、图乌（中部）、东戈壁、呼布苏古尔、科布多、巴彦鲁盖等。乌兰巴托等城市的消费经济发展迅速，饲养动物的私有化使游牧社会发生了巨大变化，不仅对占多数的蒙古族，而且对蒙古西部的哈萨克族、蒙古北部的图瓦族（驯鹿牧民）等少数民族也有很大的影响。另外，大雪等自然灾害的巨大破坏也受到了社会变迁的影响。在尼泊尔，我们调查了喜马拉雅山索鲁地区的森林利用情况以及新的森林权属和管理政治的影响，以及加德满都谷地传统的生态利用保护制度及其变化。在不丹，我们研究了自然环境，特别是冰川及其变化；在乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦，我们调查了1991年独立后向市场经济转型过程中的社会变迁，以及哈萨克斯坦独立后，由于政治上促进哈萨克族移民以增加哈萨克族人口，从蒙古移民到哈萨克斯坦的哈萨克族移民的实际状况。

During 2000 till 2002, we studied in Mongolia, the Himalayas (Nepal and Bhutan) and Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). Mongolian society is changing drastically, which is influencing to ecology, because of the transition from socialist economy to market economy, and we made it clear in different aspects, through the studies of anthropology, economy, ecology (including meteorology and science of grassland). The fields of study are Ulaanbaatar, Tuv(Central), Dondgobi, Huvsgul, Khobd, Bayanulgii, etc.. In cities as Ulaanbaatar consuming economy is developing fast, and the privatization of domentic animals made great change in nomadic society, not only of the majority Mongolians, but also of the minorities as Kazakh in Western Mongolia and Tuva (reindeer herders) in Northern Mongolia. Also the great damage of natural disasters as heavy snow is influenced by the social change.In Nepal, We investigated the utilization of forest in Solu Region of the Himalayas and the influence of new politics of tenure and management of forest, and also the traditional system of utilization conservation of ecology and its change in Kathmandu Valley. And in Bhutan we studies the natural environment specially glacier and its changeIn Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, we investigated the social change in the transition to the market economy after the independence of 1991, and the actual stuation of immigrant Kazakh people who migrated from Mongolia to Kazakhstan because of the politics of promotion of Kazakh immigration of abroad so as to increase Kazakh population after the independence of Kazakhstan.