Anthropological Studies of Local Knowledge and Politics about Ecology in Mountain, Forest and Steppe Areas in Asia

从2000年到2002年，我们在蒙古、喜马拉雅山（尼泊尔和不丹）和中亚（乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦）学习。由于社会主义经济向市场经济的转型，蒙古社会正在发生巨大的变化，这对生态产生了影响，我们通过人类学、经济学、生态学（包括气象学和草原学）的研究，从不同的方面进行了阐述。研究领域有乌兰巴托、图夫（中部）、东戈壁、胡苏古尔、霍伯德、巴亚努吉等。在乌兰巴托等城市，消费经济迅速发展，家畜私有化使游牧社会发生了巨大变化，不仅是多数蒙古人，而且少数民族如西蒙古的哈萨克族和北蒙古的图瓦族（驯鹿牧民）也发生了巨大变化。此外，暴雪等自然灾害的巨大破坏力也受到社会变迁的影响。在尼泊尔加德满都谷地，我们调查了喜马拉雅地区Solu地区的森林利用和新的森林权属和管理政治的影响，以及传统的利用、生态保护制度及其变化。在不丹，我们研究了自然环境特别是冰川及其变化；在乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦，我们研究了1991年独立后向市场经济转型的社会变化，以及哈萨克斯坦独立后由于国外推动哈萨克移民以增加哈萨克人口的政治而从蒙古移民到哈萨克斯坦的哈萨克移民的实际情况。

During 2000 till 2002, we studied in Mongolia, the Himalayas (Nepal and Bhutan) and Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). Mongolian society is changing drastically, which is influencing to ecology, because of the transition from socialist economy to market economy, and we made it clear in different aspects, through the studies of anthropology, economy, ecology (including meteorology and science of grassland). The fields of study are Ulaanbaatar, Tuv(Central), Dondgobi, Huvsgul, Khobd, Bayanulgii, etc.. In cities as Ulaanbaatar consuming economy is developing fast, and the privatization of domentic animals made great change in nomadic society, not only of the majority Mongolians, but also of the minorities as Kazakh in Western Mongolia and Tuva (reindeer herders) in Northern Mongolia. Also the great damage of natural disasters as heavy snow is influenced by the social change.In Nepal, We investigated the utilization of forest in Solu Region of the Himalayas and the influence of new politics of tenure and management of forest, and also the traditional system of utilization conservation of ecology and its change in Kathmandu Valley. And in Bhutan we studies the natural environment specially glacier and its changeIn Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, we investigated the social change in the transition to the market economy after the independence of 1991, and the actual stuation of immigrant Kazakh people who migrated from Mongolia to Kazakhstan because of the politics of promotion of Kazakh immigration of abroad so as to increase Kazakh population after the independence of Kazakhstan.