Spread of pathogenic bacteria with movement and established of domestic animals From the historical view point of pathogenic ecology, origin of native Japanese horses going back to South Korea, China, and Mongolia

日本有八种本土马品种（北海道、Kiso、Noma、Misaki、Tokara、Taishu、Miyako和Yonaguni），每个人都想从蒙古马开始原产。在切朱岛上，土著马已经出现了大约700年的时间，自从蒙古人把他们的马带到了岛上。我们怀疑将日本向R. equi的病毒形式的传输，并带有各种病毒质粒类型，可能会与蒙古草原上的本机马迁移。However，没有关于病毒R. equi在韩国、中国和蒙古的本地马匹中的分布的信息。RBodococcus equi从四个本地Jeju马农场和六个Thoroughbred农场中分离出来的粪便和土壤样本。对病毒相关的15 mi 17-kDa抗原（VapA）的存在进行了测试，使用单克隆抗体10 G5，并通过PCR对基因编码VapA进行了基因编码。R. equi是我的 ... More 从每克土壤中收集了所有36个土壤样本，每克土壤5.0至10^2和7.5至10^4个殖民地形成单元（cfu），每克土壤中37个40个土壤样本，每克5.0至10^1和1.1至10^5个碳样本。异常的R.当量从七个农场分离，在2.0%的孤立中出现（508个）。在10种病毒隔离中，含有四种90 kb型II型塑料，在日本的Kiso本土马中发现了其他六种新变体，其中没有显示EcoRI和EcoT 22 I型塑料的数据模式已报告（85 kb类型I、II、III和IV ; 87 kb类型I和II ; 90 kb类型I、II、III和IV）我们设计了一个新的变体，作为90 kb型V塑料，因为它的生态学数据模式与90 kb型II塑料类似。这是对韩国济州岛病毒R. equi的普遍性的第一份报告。在韩国和日本的两种隔离中发现了相同的病毒质粒类型，并提供了对韩国和日本本土马的起源、ancestry和分歧的洞察力。在本土蒙古马的起源和分布是不可能的。一个100和14个相等的特征样本和71个土壤样本从26个游牧家庭营地地点收集到，位于距蒙古Ulaanbaatar不到100公里的三个区域。另外还从Przewalski的马的FOALS中收集了五个特征样本，并将其引入蒙古胡斯泰国家公园。没有R.平等是从蒙古马或土壤样本中分离出来的。However，R. Equi的三个殖民地从Przewalski's Horses收集了两个碎片样本。这些同位素是惰性的，检测到的不是15 - 17-kDa抗原（VapA）或20-kDa抗原（VapB）。我们将蒙古本族马及其环境从R. equi.中自由地从受污染的情况中纳入，关于蒙古、中国和韩国本族马分子流行病学的进一步研究。Less（低）

There are eight native horse breeds in Japan (Hokkaido, Kiso, Noma, Misaki, Tokara, Taishu, Miyako, and Yonaguni) and each is thought to have originated principally from the Mongolian horse. On the island of Cheju, the native horse has been present for about 700 years since the Mongolians introduced their horses to the island. We hypothesized that the transmission to Japan of the virulent form of R.equi, with its various virulence plasmid types, may have occurred with the migration of native horses from the Mongolian grasslands. However, there has been no information about the distribution of virulent R.equi in native horses in Korea, China and Mongolia.Rbodococcus equi was isolated from fecal and soil samples from four native Jeju horse farms and six Thoroughbred farms in Jeju, Korea. The isolates were examined for the presence of virulence-associated 15 ミ 17-kDa antigens (VapA) by colony blotting, using the monoclonal antibody 10G5, and for the gene encoding VapA by PCR. R.equi was i … More solated from all 36 soil samples collected from the 10 farms with between 5.0 to 10^2 and 7.5 to 10^4 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of soil, and from 37 of 40 fecal samples with between 5.0 to 10^1 and 1.1 to 10^5 cfu per gram of feces. Virulent R.equi was isolated from seven farm and appeared in 2.0% of isolates (10 of 508). Of the 10 virulent isolates, four contained a 90-kb type II plasmid, which has been found in isolates from the Kiso native horses of Japan, and the other six contained a new variant, which did not display the EcoRI and EcoT22I digestion patterns of the 10 representative plasmids already reported (85-kb types I, II, III, and IV ; 87-kb types I and II ; 90-kb types I, II, III, and IV). We designated the new variant as the 90-kb type V plasmid, because its EcoRI digestion pattern is similar to that of the 90-kb type II plasmid. This is the first report of the prevalence of virulent R.equi in Jeju, Korea. The same virulence plasmid type is found in both Korean and Japanese isolates, providing insight intro the origin, ancestry, and dispersal of native horses in Korea and Japan.In native Mongolian horses, the incidence and distribution of Rhodococcus equi are poorly understood. One hundred and fourteen equine fecal samples and 71 soil samples were collected from the camp sites of 26 nomadic families located in three areas less than 100 km from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Five fecal samples were also collected from foals of Przewalski's Horses introduced into the Hustai National Park, Mongolia. No R.equi was isolated from the Mongolian horses or the soil samples. However, three colonies of R.equi were isolated from two fecal samples collected from foals of Przewalski's Horses. These isolates were avirulent, with neither 15- to 17-kDa antigens (VapA) nor a 20-kDa antigen (VapB) being detected. We concluded that native Mongolian horses and their environment appear free from contamination with R.equi.In conclusion, further studies on the molecular epidemiology of native horses in Mongolia, China, and Korea are needed. Less