The history of the education of juvenile delinquents in Japan; Kosuke Tomeoka's Research on Education for Juvenile Delinquents in America and Europe

本研究的目的是考察明治时代的近代日本人对西方少年犯教育制度和理念的研究。我特别关注日本维新学派的领袖鸟冈康介(1864-1934)，他在美国和欧洲进行了研究，回国后向日本人民传达了他在1899年创建他的维新学派之一--家庭学校--时所学到的东西。首先，我分析了他的两次海外之旅。然后，我将讨论他关于他所遇到的不同系统的结论。19世纪，美国感化学校的内部组织逐渐从容纳大量儿童在同一地点的“会众”制度，转变为容纳大约30个男孩的较小团体的“小屋”制度。鸟冈参观了这两种类型的改革学校，并像美国的改革者一样，认为“小屋”制度更有效。小屋制度的理念被总结为下面这句话：基督的爱是最坚固的墙，这句话是由德国劳埃豪斯的创始人伊曼纽尔·维切恩提出的。Tomeoka在威廉·弗莱明·史蒂文森的书《祈祷和工作》中找到了这句话。

The purpose of this study is to examine how modern Japanese of the Meiji era researched into the system and ideas of education for juvenile delinquents in the western world. In particular I focus on Kosuke Tomeoka (1864-1934), the leader of the Japanese reform school, who carried out research in America and Europe and on his return conveyed to the Japanese people what he had learned founding one of his reform schools, 'Katei Gakko', Family School, in 1899. Firstly, I analyze his two trips abroad. Then I will discuss his conclusions regarding the different systems he encountered. In the nineteenth century, the internal organization of American reform schools gradually changed from the 'congregate' system which housed a large numbers of children in the same place, to the 'cottage' system which dealt with smaller groups of around 30 boys. Tomeoka visited both types of reform school and, like the American reformers, judged the 'cottage' system to be the more effective. The idea of the cottage system was summed up in the following phrase, 'Christ's love is the strongest wall', and the phrase is attributed to Immanuel Wichern, who had founded the Rauhe Haus in Germany. Tomeoka found the phrase in the book, Praying and working by William Fleming Stevenson.