The history of the education of juvenile delinquents in Japan; Kosuke Tomeoka's Research on Education for Juvenile Delinquents in America and Europe

本研究旨在探讨明治时代的日本近代人对西方少年犯教育制度与理念的研究。我特别关注日本改革派的领袖留冈功介（1864-1934），他在美国和欧洲进行了研究，并在1899年向日本人民传达了他所学到的知识，创立了他的一所改革学校，“家庭学校”。首先，分析了他的两次出国之行。然后我将讨论他对他遇到的不同系统的结论。在世纪，美国改革学校的内部组织逐渐从“集合”系统，容纳大量的孩子在同一个地方，到“小屋”系统，处理约30个男孩的较小群体。留冈访问了这两种类型的改革学校，并像美国改革者一样，判断“小屋”系统是更有效的。农舍系统的想法可以用下面这句话来概括：“基督的爱是最坚固的墙”，这句话是由在德国建立了劳厄豪斯的伊曼纽尔·威彻恩（Immanuel Wichern）提出的。托米冈在威廉·弗莱明史蒂文森的《祈祷与工作》一书中找到了这句话。

The purpose of this study is to examine how modern Japanese of the Meiji era researched into the system and ideas of education for juvenile delinquents in the western world. In particular I focus on Kosuke Tomeoka (1864-1934), the leader of the Japanese reform school, who carried out research in America and Europe and on his return conveyed to the Japanese people what he had learned founding one of his reform schools, 'Katei Gakko', Family School, in 1899. Firstly, I analyze his two trips abroad. Then I will discuss his conclusions regarding the different systems he encountered. In the nineteenth century, the internal organization of American reform schools gradually changed from the 'congregate' system which housed a large numbers of children in the same place, to the 'cottage' system which dealt with smaller groups of around 30 boys. Tomeoka visited both types of reform school and, like the American reformers, judged the 'cottage' system to be the more effective. The idea of the cottage system was summed up in the following phrase, 'Christ's love is the strongest wall', and the phrase is attributed to Immanuel Wichern, who had founded the Rauhe Haus in Germany. Tomeoka found the phrase in the book, Praying and working by William Fleming Stevenson.