Construction of aqueous ultrasonic cleaning system for replacing the solvent cleaning of clothing with aqueous system

用于干洗衣服的主要溶剂是全氯乙烯（PC）和碳氢化合物。PC已被宣布为可疑致癌物、有害空气污染物和臭氧消耗物。碳氢化合物在环境/安全方面的安装许可仍然不确定。因此，尽管已经有许多关于用于从硬质基材去除污垢的水性超声波清洗工艺的研究，但是通过水性超声波从纺织品基材去除污垢的机理还没有很好地理解。为建立超声波水溶液清洗系统，以替代生态上不可接受的有机溶剂，研究了超声波水溶液对纺织品基材去污的机理。聚酯或纤维素织物基材上污垢的去除通过使用实验生产的用于评价超声在从织物去除污垢中的有效性的设备来检查，其中声波为28 kHz，功率密度为1 W cm-3<-2>，作为声压的函数，溶解氧浓度和表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）或聚氧乙二醇单正十二烷基醚（C_<12>E_n）的浓度。CI溶剂黄5用于模型有色油性污垢，角鲨烯、硬脂酸胆固醇、三油酸甘油酯和油酸用作模型皮脂污垢成分。土壤的去除率随声压的增大而增大，且声压与去除率之间存在正斜率的直线关系。将表面活性剂C_<12>E_n加入到水中（C_ E_n的临界胶束浓度<12>），可获得高的去污效率（90%左右）。研究表明，声场中超声清洗过程的主要机理是声压、空化、纤维与污物之间的亲和力以及表面活性剂的物理化学作用。

The prominent solvents used for dry-cleaning of clothing are perchloroethylene (PC) and hydrocarbons. PC has been declared a suspected carcinogen, hazardous air pollutant, and ozone depleter. Hydrocarbons have still an uncertaincy about installation allowances as regards environmental/safety aspects. Therefore, although there have been many studies on aqueous ultrasonic cleaning processes for removing soils from hard substrates, the soil removal mechanism from textile substrate by aqueous ultrasound is not well understood. The mechanism of soil removal by aqueous ultrasound for textile substrate was investigated for establishing the ultrasonic cleaning system in water as replacements for ecologically unacceptable organic solvents. The removal of soil on polyester or cellulose fabric substrate was examined by the use of the experimentally produced apparatus for evaluating the effectiveness of ultrasound in the soil removal from fabric, with sound waves of 28 kHz at a power density of 1W cm^<-2>, as a function of the sound pressure, dissolved oxygen concentration and the concentration of surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) or polyoxy-ethyleneglycol mono n-dodecyl ether (C_<12>E_n). CI Solvent Yellow 5 was used for the model colored oily soil, and Squalene, stearic acid cholesterol, triolein and oleic acid were used as the model sebum soil constituents. The removal efficiency of the soil increased with increasing of sound pressure and the straight line with positive slope was also obtained between sound pressure and removal efficiency. The high effectiveness (about 90%) of oily soil removal from polyester was obtained with adding the surfactant C_<12>E_n to water (critical micelle concentration of C_<12>E_n). It has been shown that the main mechanisms responsible for the ultrasonic cleaning process in a sound field are sound pressure, cavitation, the affinity between fiber and soil, and the physic-chemical action of surfactant.