"self-esteem and distress" of middle-aged and elderly persons in Japan and China

本研究通过对日本中老年人和中国中老年人“自尊与苦恼”的研究，运用压力量表理论的分析框架和测量方法，阐明了影响自尊和苦恼的诸多因素，找出了日本和中国中老年人在自尊和苦恼上的差异。本研究的研究结果如下：(1)考察了中老年人的自尊和苦恼量表。对于自尊，我们选择了Rosenberg，M的量表，在他的标准量表的基础上，我们给出了一个新的量表，以克服可达到的低分(某种积极的态度导致它的低分)。至于苦恼，我们参考Zung、W.W.K.的抑郁自评量表，选择了由10个条目组成的抑郁量表。我们在日本和中国进行了四次调查。(2)第一批结果来自Invest…为3500名老年人和2400名中年人提供更多的服务。老年人的平均苦恼得分为17.9分，中年人的平均苦恼得分为19.3分，可见中年人的苦恼程度明显较高。中老年人自尊得分差异无统计学意义。可以找到中老年人共同的苦恼影响因素(“健康”、“经济状况”、“自尊”)，以及(“明确目标”、“社会支持”)是每个人生阶段的特征。(3)对中国地区380名老年人进行了问卷调查。用类似于日本调查的方式来衡量痛苦和自尊是可能的。中国的调查结果显示，作为影响老年人痛苦的一个因素，“家庭结构”和“父母身份”与日本不同，但“健康状况”和“经济状况”与日本具有相同的意义。(4)对研究结果和未来发展方向进行了讨论。较少

This study elucidates the appearance of "self-esteem and distress" of middle-aged and elderly persons in Japan and China, where we use an analysis frame and measurement of scale of stress theory to clarify many factors to affect self-esteem and distress, and find differences between self-esteem and distress of middle-aged and elderly persons in Japan and China. The results of this research are as follows : (1) We examined measurements of scales of self-esteem and distress of middle-aged and elderly persons. As for self-esteem, we concluded to choose the scale of Rosenberg, M. Based on his standard scale, we gave a new device to the scale to overcome "attainable low score (a certain positive manner leads it to a low score)" conclusively. As for distress, we chose the measure of depression which consists of ten items, referring to the SDS (Self-reporting Depression Scale) of Zung, W.W.K. We carried out four investigation in Japan and China. (2) The first results was provided from investi … More gations for 3,500 elderly and for 2,400 middle aged. The average of a distress score of the elderly was 17.9 points, and the average of distress score of the middle aged is 19.3 points, and it became clear that the distress of the middle aged was significantly high. There was no difference between middle aged and elderly persons in self-esteem score. It was possible to find influence factors of distress ("health", "economic conditions", "self-esteem") in common of middle-aged and elderly persons, and ("definite aim", "social support") which is characteristic to each life stage. (3) The second results was provided from a investigation for 380 elderly in China. It was possible to measure distress and self-esteem in similar way to Japanese investigation. The result of Chinese investigation shows that as a factor affecting distress of the elderly, "household constitution" and "parenthood" are not same as Japan, but "state of health" and "economic conditions" are meaningful same as Japan. (4) Findings and future direction are discussed. Less