"self-esteem and distress" of middle-aged and elderly persons in Japan and China

本研究探讨了日本和中国中老年人“自尊与痛苦”的出现，运用压力理论的分析框架和量表测量，厘清了影响自尊与痛苦的诸多因素，发现了中日中老年人自尊与痛苦的差异。研究结果如下：(1)对中老年人自尊与苦恼量表的测量结果进行了检验。在自尊方面，我们最终选择Rosenberg， m的量表。在Rosenberg， m的标准量表的基础上，我们给量表添加了一个新的装置，最终克服“可达到的低分（某种积极的态度导致低分）”。对于苦恼，我们选择了由10个项目组成的抑郁测量，参考了Zung， W.W.K.的SDS （Self-reporting depression Scale）。我们在日本和中国进行了四次调查。(2)第一个结果来自于对3500名老年人和2400名中年人的调查。老年人的焦虑得分平均值为17.9分，中年人的焦虑得分平均值为19.3分，可见中年人的焦虑得分明显偏高。中老年人的自尊得分无显著差异。可以找到影响中老年人痛苦的共同因素（“健康”、“经济条件”、“自尊”），以及每个人生阶段特有的（“明确目标”、“社会支持”）。(3)第二项结果来自对中国380名老年人的调查。用类似于日本调查的方法来测量痛苦和自尊是可能的。中国的调查结果显示，作为影响老年人苦恼的因素，“家庭体质”和“为人父母”与日本不同，而“健康状况”和“经济状况”与日本有意义相同。(4)讨论了研究结果和未来发展方向。少

This study elucidates the appearance of "self-esteem and distress" of middle-aged and elderly persons in Japan and China, where we use an analysis frame and measurement of scale of stress theory to clarify many factors to affect self-esteem and distress, and find differences between self-esteem and distress of middle-aged and elderly persons in Japan and China. The results of this research are as follows : (1) We examined measurements of scales of self-esteem and distress of middle-aged and elderly persons. As for self-esteem, we concluded to choose the scale of Rosenberg, M. Based on his standard scale, we gave a new device to the scale to overcome "attainable low score (a certain positive manner leads it to a low score)" conclusively. As for distress, we chose the measure of depression which consists of ten items, referring to the SDS (Self-reporting Depression Scale) of Zung, W.W.K. We carried out four investigation in Japan and China. (2) The first results was provided from investi … More gations for 3,500 elderly and for 2,400 middle aged. The average of a distress score of the elderly was 17.9 points, and the average of distress score of the middle aged is 19.3 points, and it became clear that the distress of the middle aged was significantly high. There was no difference between middle aged and elderly persons in self-esteem score. It was possible to find influence factors of distress ("health", "economic conditions", "self-esteem") in common of middle-aged and elderly persons, and ("definite aim", "social support") which is characteristic to each life stage. (3) The second results was provided from a investigation for 380 elderly in China. It was possible to measure distress and self-esteem in similar way to Japanese investigation. The result of Chinese investigation shows that as a factor affecting distress of the elderly, "household constitution" and "parenthood" are not same as Japan, but "state of health" and "economic conditions" are meaningful same as Japan. (4) Findings and future direction are discussed. Less