Research of the popular and practical mathematics in the eighteenth-century Britain

从十七世纪到十九世纪的英国，大约有二三万名数学爱好者。他们被称为菲罗摩斯。法国、德国或其他欧洲国家没有这样的人。数学在那个时代在英国如此流行，有几个原因。在伦敦出现新的印刷机后，许多数学书籍或杂志出版了，英国各地都有许多关于数学的巡回讲师。当代航海、测量和工业社会需要实用数学。数学在女性中变得流行起来，成为一种娱乐。在英国，有一个数学的社会网络，一种公共领域，通过一本名为《女士日记》的杂志。菲洛马斯的数学不是高级牛顿的，而是实用的。他们制造了各种各样的数学仪器：英国的便宜，而法国的奢华和装饰。

Thee were about twenty or thirty thousands of mathematical lovers from the seventeenth to the nineteenth-century Britain. They are called Philomath. France, Germany, or the other European countries had not such people. There are some reasons why mathematics was so popular in Britain in that time. After the advent of new printing press in London, many mathematical books or magazines were published, and there were many itinerary lecturers on mathematics anywhere in Britain. The contemporary navigation, mensuration and industry socially needed practical mathematics. Mathematics became popular among women as a recreation. There was a social network of mathematics, a kind of public-sphere, through a magazine, the Ladies Diary, in Britain. Mathematics of Philomath was not advanced Newtonian, but practical. They produced various mathematical instruments : English ones are inexpensive, while French are luxury and decorated.