Historical studies on the reception of European modern science in Islamic countries.

20世纪70年代，随着石油输出国组织的成立和伊朗革命的爆发，穆斯林开始寻找自己的身份，并开始研究自己的历史。他们认识到他们过去辉煌的科学和现在的情况之间的差距。很多人都在争论伊斯兰教和现代科学的问题。本研究代表了四个人讨论的问题，并详细调查了第一个。纳斯尔：文明评论家，多产的伊朗作家。他的思想是建立在灵知主义和伊朗传统思想的基础上的，他坚持回归伊斯兰传统，其中包含了现实。布卡耶：法国著名医生，最好的《圣经、古兰经和科学》的作者。他说，《古兰经》中已经描述了当代科学的成果，因此，科学家应该认真阅读《古兰经》。萨达尔：在英国演出的记者。为了拯救人类的未来，他强调思想的多元性，并展示了许多来自伊斯兰思想的规范。al-Faruqi。他坚持“科学的伊斯兰化”和“知识的伊斯兰化”，并重视对年轻人的伊斯兰教育。作为真正的穆斯林，这四个人在不同的处境下，就如何在当代欧洲科学和社会面前捍卫伊斯兰教的宗教信仰展开了争论

In the 1970s with the formation of OPEC and the Iranian Revolution, Muslims got to look for their identity and to study their own history. They recognized the gap between their past glorious science and the present situation. A lot of disputants are arguing about the problem of Islam and the present-day science. This study represents four individuals discussing the problems, and investigates the first one in detail.1. Nasr : a civilization criticism, prolific Iranian writer. His thoughts are based upon gnocisism and Iranian traditional thought, and he insists on the return to the Islamic tradition, which contains the Reality2. Bucaille : a famous French doctor, the author of best "Bible, Qur'an and the Science" He says that the results of the contemporary science are already described in Qur'an, and therefore, scientists should read Qur'_n sincerely.3. Sardar : a journalist acting in England. He stresses upon the plurality of thoughts in order to save the human future, and shows many norms from Islamic thoughts.4. al-Faruqi. He insists upon the 'Islamization of Science' and moreover 'Islamization of Knowledge', and thinks much of the Islamic education to the younger.As true Muslims the four persons, who are in different situations, are arguing how to defend tawhid in Islam against the contemporary Europe science and society