Diverse Consciousness on "Macedonia" and International Factors in the Forming Process of the "Nation"

本研究旨在探讨“马其顿”民族意识的形成过程。从形成过程的三个方面来考虑似乎是合理的：(1)个人同一性；(2)巴尔干半岛“民族国家”的建立；(3)影响整个地区的国际关系。这个问题应该通过长期的历史研究来考虑，但在这里，我将讨论限制在第一次世界大战后的一段时间内，直到1924年马其顿内部革命组织（IMR0）的一位领导人托多尔·亚历山德罗夫被谋杀。正如美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊在他著名的十四点演讲中所说，“人民”有权行使自决权。根据威尔逊的“人民”概念，“人民”的身份定义了边界应该画在哪里。马其顿问题在巴黎和平会谈的议程上并不是很重要……更重要的是，威尔逊主义的原则虽然可能影响到现在或未来，但并不起支配作用。如果不在和平条约中加入特别条款，为马其顿人民所能做的事情就会受到严重的限制。在这种情况下，第一次世界大战后，马其顿运动内部出现了一些关于原则和活动的变化。作为马其顿运动的主要参与者之一，托多尔·亚历山德罗夫领导的IMRO在保加利亚政界扮演着幕后角色，尤其是在1923年政变之后。然而，另一种马其顿运动倾向于以联邦制解决马其顿问题，设想在巴尔干联邦内建立一个自治的马其顿（包括保加利亚、希腊和南斯拉夫马其顿）。希腊和塞尔维亚的斯拉夫马其顿人以及坚持与马其顿联邦主义组织合作的成员也支持这一想法，巴尔干共产主义联盟在马其顿联邦主义组织中具有相当的影响力。关于马其顿运动与共产国际的接触过程，值得观察的一点是，上述两种关于未来马其顿的观点在1924年是统一的，并在1924年的“五月宣言”中达成了短暂的协议。本研究揭示了一些事实，如“国家”一词何时以及如何在相关文件中取代“人民”一词。少

The purpose of this Research is to investigate the forming process of national consciousness in "Macedonia". It seems reasonable to consider it through three aspects of the forming process: (1) Personal Identity, (2) "Nation-State" building in the Balkans, and (3) International relations affecting to the-whole region. This subject should be considered with long-term historical research, but here I limit the discussion to the period from the immediately after the First World War until 1924 when one of the leader in the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization(IMR0), Todor Aleksandrov, was murdered..The following results were obtained:1. As U.S. President Woodrow Wilson said in his famous Fourteen Points speech, the "people" are entitled to exercise the right to self-determination. According the Wilsonian conception of the "people", the identity of the "people" defined where the boundaries should be drawn. The Macedonian Question was not high on the agenda of the Paris Peace Confer … More ence, for the Wilsonian principles did not govern although they might have affected the present or the future. Without the insertion of special clauses in the peace treaties, there were serious limitations on what could be done for the Macedonian People. Under these conditions, a number of variations over principles and activities within the Macedonian movements emerged immediately after the First World War.2. As one of the main actors in the Macedonian movements, the IMRO headed by Todor Aleksandrov enjoyed behind-the -scenes roles in the Bulgarian political circles especially after the coup d'etat of 1923. The other stream of the Macedonian movements, however, were in favor of a federal solution of the Macedonian Question, envisaging an autonomous Macedonia (containing Bulgarian, Greek, and Yugoslav Macedonia) within a Balkan federation. This idea was supported by Slav Macedonians in Greece and Serbia and by members who insisted on cooperation with the Macedonian Federalist Organization as well, in which the Balkan Communist Federation was quite influential.3. The point to observe on contact process between Macedonian movements and the Comintern is that the above-mentioned two perspectives of future Macedonia were united in 1924, and short-lived agreement was laid down in the "May Manifest" in 1924. This research reveals some facts such as when and how the term "nation" was used in place of "people" in the related documents. Less