The Issue of Gender and Scientific Enlightenment in 18th Century Europe

世纪科学启蒙运动的核心问题有两个：一是传播新的科学理论;二是通过向公众传播科学思想来削弱教会的权力。当然，有各种各样的立场。有的人只是希望废除“迷信”，而不是摧毁基督教，有的人则希望在科学启蒙运动中废除一切宗教。然而，毫无疑问的是，这些运动最终形成了狄德罗和达朗贝尔的百科全书。顺便问一下，我们如何考虑将性别观点纳入问题？当科学启蒙运动的发起人是男性，而领导者是女性时，图表就变得不那么简单了。换句话说，我们在秩的情况下发现了同样的矛盾。也就是说，作为一个作者，他在说“人类”的时候忽略了真正的贫困等级，他没有把女性领导人视为与男性领导人处于同一水平。因此，他们的工作的科学水平被限制在一个低的东西。这是当今社会性别偏见的反映，那么当发件人是女性时，会出现什么样的差异呢？在这种情况下，我们既要考虑她的工作，也要考虑她的真实生活。由于性别规范，一些女性在工作中表现得如此谨慎，所以如果不了解她的生活，我们就无法理解她的目的。在这项研究中，我们调查了几位科学女性。人们发现，即使他们的启蒙内容多种多样（从自然神论到虔诚的基督教），每个妇女都过着与当时的性别规范相反的生活。因此，一个积极参与科学启蒙的妇女被认为是一种反对性别模式的存在，而不管她们自己的想法。

The central question of the enlightenment of sciences in eighteenth century tends two aims : 1) to spread the new scientific theories themselves; 2) to weaken the power of church by the spread of scientific thinking to the public. Of cause, there were various positions. Ones hoped merely to abolish "superstitions", not to destroy the Christianity, others wanted to abolish every religion in the enlightenment of sciences. However, it is a fact without doubt that these movements were crystallized as the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert.By the way, what can we consider to bring a viewpoint of gender into the question? When a sender of the enlightenment of sciences is a man and leaders are women, diagram becomes not so simple. In other words, we find the same contradiction in the case of rank. That is, as an author ignores true poverty rank while saying "the human beings," he does not regard female leaders in the same level as men's. A result, the scientific level of their work was limited to a low thing. It is reflection of gender bias of the days.Then when a sender is a woman, what kind of difference appears? In this case, we should consider both her work and her true life. Because of gender norm, some women behaved so carefully in their work, so without knowing her life we can not understand her aim. In this study, we examined several scientific women. It is find that even if various are contents of their enlightenment (from deism to pious Christianity), every women lived her life against the gender norm of the days. In consequent, a woman participating positively to enlightenment of sciences was considered an existence against a gendermodel regardless of their own thought.