A Genealogical Survey of the Philosophical Concepts: Will and Freedom

(1)家谱研究集中了意志概念的原始用法：斯多葛学派的“epi hemin”概念，它也可以与佛教的“NYOI”和“FUNYOI”概念相比较。我们得出结论，这个关键概念在后来的罗马斯多葛派，爱比克泰德和马可·奥勒留中有轻微的发展。(2)奥古斯丁被认为是自由意志概念的主要来源之一。我们的研究项目调查了被认为是证明基督教正义/圣战理论的文本，并得出结论，奥古斯丁的真正意图出现在布道、讲道和私人信件中，与十字军东征后基于自然法的经院神学大不相同。(3)日本近代思想家的代表人物西田北太郎，是在佛教背景下，从舶来的西方哲学的语境来考察的。我们的研究试图提出另一种途径：可以从基督教文化化的历史观点来解释西田的哲学。同样的方法也适用于日本明治时期的其他小思想家，如清泽满史、中村正雄和井上哲次郎。(4)与自由和意志相关的有问题的概念：悔恨、自信，也应该从当代英国分析哲学发展起来的道德心理学的角度来考虑。

(1)The genealogical research concentrated the original usages of the concept of will: the Stoic concept of "epi hemin", that can he comparable also to the Buddhist concept, NYOI and FUNYOI. We concluded the crucial concept has a slight development in the later Roman Stoicism, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius.(2)Augustine has been regarded as one of the main sources of the concept of free will. Our research project investigates the texts to be considered to justify the Christian Just / Holy War theory, and concluded the Augustine's real intention emerged in sermons, homilies, and personal letters was far different from the scholastic theology based on the natural law after the Crusade.(3)Nishida Kitaro, a representative modern Japanese thinker, has been considered from the context of imported Western Philosophy in the Buddhist background. Our research tries to make an alternative approach: Nishida's philosophy can be interpreted from the historical viewpoint of the enculturation of Christianity. The same approach may be applied to the other minor thinkers, Kiyozawa Manshi, Nakamura Masanao, and Inoue Tetsujiro in the Meiji period of Japan.(4)The problematic concepts related to the freedom and will: remorse, confidence, should be considered also from the viewpoint of Moral Psychology developed in the contemporary British analytical philosophy.