Spiritualism and Psychical Research in the 19^<th> Century

19世纪的研究，是对19世纪唯心主义的社会历史方面的研究，并确认唯心论与非理性、超自然运动的刻板印象相去甚远，是当代科学自然主义的一部分。在唯心论的范畴中，我包括了唯心论、迷幻论、社会改革论、神智学、心理研究会等。2003年，我考察了乔治·库姆的唯心论的发展，并追溯了它与迷幻论融合为唯心论的过程，表现出与唯心论相似的表现。2003年8月，我参观了大英图书馆和伦敦的SPR，收集了关于这些主题的研究材料。2004年，我研究了布拉瓦茨基夫人和安妮·贝桑特的神智运动，以及SPR的弗雷德里克·迈尔斯对唯心主义的心理分析。2005年1月，我参观了悉尼大学费舍尔图书馆，收集了与这些主题相关的研究材料。

Research in the 19^<th> Century, is to research into the social-historical aspects of the 19^<th> century spiritualism, and to confirm that the spiritualism, far from the stereotyped image of the irrational and supernatural movement, was regarded as a part of the contemporary scientific naturalism. In the category of the spiritualism, I have included, among other things, the phrenology, the phreno-mesmerism, the social reformation, the Theosophy, the Society for Psychical Research.In 2003,I examined the development of the phrenology of George Combe, and traced the process of its merging with mesmerism into the phreno-mesmerism, which showed the similar performances as those of the spiritualism. Visiting at the British Library and the SPR in London in August of 2003,I collected the research materials on these themes.In 2004,I researched into the Theosophical movement of Madam Blavatsky and Annie Besant as well as the psychological analysis of the spiritualism by Frederic Myers of the SPR. Visiting at the Fisher library of the University of Sidney in January of 2005,I collected the research materials related to these themes.