Study on the social functions of letters in ancient Japan

1.整理了平安时代（794-1185）的书信数据库。这些数据被分为三组：一组是该时期现存著作中包含的信息;另一组是其余著作中未包含的信息;另一组是与其他国家交换的文物信息。我们收集了各种风格的信件（皇帝的信息，前皇帝的命令，皇太子的命令，各种法令，摄政和摄政王的命令，其他公共指令，意见书，信件，私人信息，请求，邀请等），并绘制了一个图表，描述每个文字的名称，日本日历和主年份的日期，“信息”，尊敬的下标，标题、地址、收件人的附加术语、开头行、结尾短语、来源、所有者和解释性注释。著作中所描述的时期是从科宁五年（814）到Genrya二年 关于我们 2.书写方式与其他文献方式一样，是从中国传入古代日本的。本研究探讨了在庄仓院文学中看到的信件，写官方信息的木条，以及Manyoshu（《万叶集》），并指出在我国，书信体最初是用于朝廷的公开场合，3.通过与中国唐代书信体的比较，考察日本古代社会的特点。在中国，家臣上书皇帝的方式、“臣民”的陈述和他们的意见文件都在指导手册中规定，而臣民上书皇帝的程序则在王朝的特别法律中规定。我国沿用中国指南的模式，采用臣民上书皇帝的程序，但在继承皇位方面，国家没有采用家臣和个人上书皇帝的制度。这是因为中国的皇帝与家臣的关系与日本的天皇、天皇与家臣的关系不同。4.在描述平安时代中期成文训令风格的确立时，本研究以一些皇帝的诏书为例来说明这一问题。本文对平安贵族日记中记载的内廷五品大臣黑户的诏书以及作为公文的天皇诏书进行了综合分析。因此，本文指出，这些皇帝的信息风格是在五条天皇统治时期确立的，在此背景下，在国务理事会和黑堂科负责执行各种帝国礼仪的情况下，发生了通过五等廷臣渠道传达皇帝命令的重大政治变化。少

1.We compiled a database on letters of the Heian period (794-1185). The data were categorized into three groups the information included in the extant writings from the period the information not included in the remaining works; and the information on the cultural objects exchanged with other countries. We collected various styles of letters (messages from emperors, commands from ex-emperors, orders from crown princesses, various decrees, mandates from regents and chancellors, other public instructions, opinion papers, letters, private messages, requests, invitations and so on) and drew up a chart describing each writing's name, the dates on the Japanese calendar and the dominical year, senders' messages, respectful subscripts, superscriptions, addresses, additional terms for the addressees, the opening lines, the ending phrases, the sources, the possessors and the explanatory notes. The period described in the writings is from the fifth year of Konin (814) to the second year of Genrya … More ku (1185).2.The writing styles were introduced from China to ancient Japan just like other styles of documentation. This study explored the letters seen in Shosoin literature, strips of wood on which official messages were written, and Man'yoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) from the seventh to the eighth century, and pointed out that in our country the style of letters was initially used on public occasions of the Imperial Court, and not for private purposes.3.This paper examined the characteristics of ancient Japanese society by comparing the rules of its letters with the Chinese models of Tang dynasty. In China, the styles of retainers' letters to emperors, those ' subjects' statements and their opinion papers were specified in the instruction manual and procedures for submitting subjects' letters to the emperors were prescribed in the special law of the dynasty. Our country followed the pattern of the Chinese guide and adopted the procedures for sending the subjects' letters to emperors, but the country did not employ the system for retainers and individuals submitting their letters to the emperors in regard to successors' accession to the throne. This stemmed from the differences in the relationships between emperors and their retainers in China and the relationships between the Japanese emperors, tenno, and their retainers.4.In describing the establishment of the style of documented instructions in the middle of the Heian era, this study illustrated the issue with some examples of emperors' messages. The paper conducted a comprehensive analysis of the messages of kurodo, courtiers holding the fifth rank in the Emperor's Chamber, written in the diaries of Heian aristocrats and the emperors' messages as public documents. As a result, this thesis pointed out that the style of those emperors' messages was established during the reign of the Emperor Goichijo and that against this background there occurred the major political change of communicating emperors' commands through the channels of the fifth-ranking courtiers amidst the situation where the Grand Council of State and the kurodo section took charge of implementing various imperial formalities. Less