Study on the social functions of letters in ancient Japan

1.我们编制了一个关于平安时代（794-1185）信件的数据库。这些数据被分为三组：包括在现存著作中的信息；未包括在剩余作品中的信息；以及与其他国家交流的文物信息。我们收集了各种风格的信件（皇帝的信件、前皇帝的命令、太子妃的命令、各种法令、摄政王和大臣的命令、其他公共指示、意见文件、信件、私人信息、请求、邀请等等），并绘制了一张图表，描述了每封信的名字、日本日历上的日期和主年、寄信人的信息、尊敬的下标、上标、地址、收信人的附加术语，开头几行，结尾几句，出处，物主和注释。文字中描述的时期是从柯宁五年（814）到根亚二年…More ku（1185）。与其他文献风格一样，这种书写风格是从中国传入古代日本的。2 .本研究探讨了七世纪至八世纪的书宗文献、写官信的木条和《万叶集》中的书信，并指出在我国，书信的风格最初是用于朝廷的公共场合，而不是用于私人目的。本文通过对日本古代书信规则与中国唐代书信模式的比较，考察了日本古代社会的特点。在中国，臣子上书的样式、臣子的陈述和意见书在指示手册中有规定，臣子上书的程序在朝代的专法中有规定。我国沿袭了中国指南的模式，采用了臣民上书给皇帝的程序，但在继位问题上，没有实行臣子和个人上书给皇帝的制度。这是由于中国皇帝与侍从之间的关系与日本皇帝与侍从之间的关系不同造成的。在描述平安时代中期诏书风格的建立时，本研究以皇帝的诏书为例说明了这一问题。本文综合分析了平安时代贵族日记中所记载的五级侍臣黑藤的信息和作为公开文件的皇帝的信息。因此，本文指出，这些皇帝的谕旨风格是在高秩天皇时期确立的，在此背景下，在国务大院和黑户部负责执行各种皇帝礼仪的情况下，发生了通过五臣渠道传达皇帝谕旨的重大政治变化。少

1.We compiled a database on letters of the Heian period (794-1185). The data were categorized into three groups the information included in the extant writings from the period the information not included in the remaining works; and the information on the cultural objects exchanged with other countries. We collected various styles of letters (messages from emperors, commands from ex-emperors, orders from crown princesses, various decrees, mandates from regents and chancellors, other public instructions, opinion papers, letters, private messages, requests, invitations and so on) and drew up a chart describing each writing's name, the dates on the Japanese calendar and the dominical year, senders' messages, respectful subscripts, superscriptions, addresses, additional terms for the addressees, the opening lines, the ending phrases, the sources, the possessors and the explanatory notes. The period described in the writings is from the fifth year of Konin (814) to the second year of Genrya … More ku (1185).2.The writing styles were introduced from China to ancient Japan just like other styles of documentation. This study explored the letters seen in Shosoin literature, strips of wood on which official messages were written, and Man'yoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) from the seventh to the eighth century, and pointed out that in our country the style of letters was initially used on public occasions of the Imperial Court, and not for private purposes.3.This paper examined the characteristics of ancient Japanese society by comparing the rules of its letters with the Chinese models of Tang dynasty. In China, the styles of retainers' letters to emperors, those ' subjects' statements and their opinion papers were specified in the instruction manual and procedures for submitting subjects' letters to the emperors were prescribed in the special law of the dynasty. Our country followed the pattern of the Chinese guide and adopted the procedures for sending the subjects' letters to emperors, but the country did not employ the system for retainers and individuals submitting their letters to the emperors in regard to successors' accession to the throne. This stemmed from the differences in the relationships between emperors and their retainers in China and the relationships between the Japanese emperors, tenno, and their retainers.4.In describing the establishment of the style of documented instructions in the middle of the Heian era, this study illustrated the issue with some examples of emperors' messages. The paper conducted a comprehensive analysis of the messages of kurodo, courtiers holding the fifth rank in the Emperor's Chamber, written in the diaries of Heian aristocrats and the emperors' messages as public documents. As a result, this thesis pointed out that the style of those emperors' messages was established during the reign of the Emperor Goichijo and that against this background there occurred the major political change of communicating emperors' commands through the channels of the fifth-ranking courtiers amidst the situation where the Grand Council of State and the kurodo section took charge of implementing various imperial formalities. Less