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Research on the Purchase of Office during the Ming and Qing Periods

明清时期购置办公室研究

基本信息

批准号：
15520441
负责人：
WU Yue
金额：
$ 2.11万
依托单位：
Osaka University of Economics and Law
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2003 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15520441/
关键词：
Orient history Chinese history Bureaucracy System of purchasing offices Disaster relief Philology 捐納制度

项目摘要

During 2005, I completed the following research related activities.1.Within Japan, I visited Kyoto University Library, the Library of the Graduate School of Letter, Kyoto University, and the Documentation and Information Center for Chinese Studies at the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, where I collected materials on the purchase of office.2.Internationally, I visited and collected materials at the following : National Library of China, Beijing University Library, Library of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Nanjing University Library, Gansu Provincial Library, and Qinghai Provincial Library. Further, with my own private funds, I visited and collected materials at the Tianjin Library and the Nankai University Library.3.At the National Library of China, I presented a talk entitled "Education on China at Japanese Universities."4.Based on materials collected last year, I created a database of donators' lists from the relief efforts of a disaster in 1889 in China's Zhejiang Province. Additionally, I analyzed these donator lists.5.Using the example of flooding in Zhejiang in 1889, I analyzed the social impact and role of post-purchasing. In the fiscal system of the Qing state, more than eighty percent of expenditure was devoted to support of the imperial clan, officials' salaries, military costs, etc. Nearly nothing was allocated for responding to natural disasters. In regard to relief efforts, the state did reduce taxes and sometimes offer relief funds. However, most of these were not specially earmarked funds. In this context, the government, in order to raise more funds, implemented. the sale of offices. In the case of 1889, the government sold positions as government students at the National University and honorary governmental posts in order to raise cash.

在2005年期间，我完成了以下与研究相关的活动：1.在日本国内，我访问了京都大学图书馆、京都大学文学研究生院图书馆、京都大学人文研究所中国研究文献信息中心，收集了购买办公室的资料。国家图书馆、北京大学图书馆、中国社会科学院图书馆、南京大学图书馆、甘肃省图书馆、青海省图书馆。3.在中国国家图书馆，我作了题为“日本大学的中国教育”的演讲。4.根据去年收集的材料，我建立了一个数据库，记录了1889年中国浙江省救灾工作中的捐赠者名单。5.以1889年浙江水灾为例，分析了后购的社会影响和作用。在清朝的财政体系中，八成以上的支出用于供养宗室、官员俸禄、军费等，几乎没有用于应对自然灾害的支出。在救济工作方面，国家确实减少了税收，有时还提供救济金。然而，其中大多数不是专门指定用途的资金。在此背景下，政府为了筹集更多的资金，实施了。办公室的销售。在1889年的案例中，政府出售了国立大学的政府学生职位和荣誉政府职位，以筹集现金。