Research on the Purchase of Office during the Ming and Qing Periods

2005年期间，我完成了以下相关研究活动：1.在日本访问了京都大学图书馆、京都大学研究生院文学院图书馆和京都大学人文研究所中国研究文献信息中心，收集了购买办公的资料。2.在国际上，我访问和收集了中国国家图书馆、北京大学图书馆、中国社会科学院图书馆、南京大学图书馆、甘肃省图书馆、青海省图书馆的资料。3.在中国的国家图书馆，我作了题为“日本大学的中国教育”的报告。4.在去年收集的资料的基础上，我建立了一个1889年中国所在的浙江省救灾捐赠者名单的数据库。并对捐赠者名单进行了分析。5.以1889年浙江水灾为例，分析了后购买的社会影响和作用。在清朝的财政体制中，80%以上的支出用于支持宗族、官员的工资、军费等，几乎没有拨款用于应对自然灾害。在救济工作方面，该州确实减税，有时还提供救济资金。然而，这些资金中的大多数都不是专门指定的资金。在此背景下，政府为了筹集更多的资金，实施了。出售办公室。在1889年的案例中，为了筹集现金，政府出售了国立大学的政府学生职位和荣誉政府职位。

During 2005, I completed the following research related activities.1.Within Japan, I visited Kyoto University Library, the Library of the Graduate School of Letter, Kyoto University, and the Documentation and Information Center for Chinese Studies at the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, where I collected materials on the purchase of office.2.Internationally, I visited and collected materials at the following : National Library of China, Beijing University Library, Library of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Nanjing University Library, Gansu Provincial Library, and Qinghai Provincial Library. Further, with my own private funds, I visited and collected materials at the Tianjin Library and the Nankai University Library.3.At the National Library of China, I presented a talk entitled "Education on China at Japanese Universities."4.Based on materials collected last year, I created a database of donators' lists from the relief efforts of a disaster in 1889 in China's Zhejiang Province. Additionally, I analyzed these donator lists.5.Using the example of flooding in Zhejiang in 1889, I analyzed the social impact and role of post-purchasing. In the fiscal system of the Qing state, more than eighty percent of expenditure was devoted to support of the imperial clan, officials' salaries, military costs, etc. Nearly nothing was allocated for responding to natural disasters. In regard to relief efforts, the state did reduce taxes and sometimes offer relief funds. However, most of these were not specially earmarked funds. In this context, the government, in order to raise more funds, implemented. the sale of offices. In the case of 1889, the government sold positions as government students at the National University and honorary governmental posts in order to raise cash.