Orthodoxy and heterodoxy in Chinese History

(I)在辛亥革命前的中国，皇帝统治着由许多小规模耕种者组成的庞大的农业社会，由文官协助，并以强调贿赂为最高价值的儒家道德主义原则运作。结果，阻碍了商业和技术的专业化和进步。(2)在中国漫长的历史中，服从皇帝的垄断权力被认为是正统的，不服从皇帝的垄断权力则被认为是异端，必须加以镇压。此外，正统是由文化优势的支持。(3)大革命以后，特别是1949年以后，发生了最大规模的镇压，在文化大革命时期达到顶峰。在后者，不仅持不同政见者的声音，而且传统的宗教，习俗和道德都受到了暴力镇压。共产党对国家的绝对和全面控制是中国历史上从未有过的。(4)自1980年代初以来，一直在努力使市场经济和社会生活多样化，以促进经济增长和民主化。今天的中国在经济、政治和文化上都是全球社会的一员。因此，她必须重新审视并在必要时改变她对正统的传统看法。

(I) In China befor the Revolution the emperor governed the huge agrarian society composed of many small-scale cultivators, assisted by civil bureaucrats and operating on the principles of Confusion moralism which stressed suborination as the highest value. As a result, the specialization and progress of commerce and technology was hindered.(2) Through the long history of China obedience to the monopolistic power of the Emperor was recognized as orthodox ; disobedience to it as heterodox and had to be suppressed. Also the orthodoxy was supported by cultural superiority.(3) After the Revolution and especially after 1949 suppression on the largest scale took place reaching its peak at the time of the Great Cultural Revolution. In the latter not only the voices of the dissenters but also the traditionial religions, customs and mores were suppressed violently. The control by the Communist Party of the nation has been absolute and total as never been seen in Chinese history.(4) Since the beginning of the 1980's attempts have been made to diversify market economy and social life to promote economic growth and democratization. China today is a member of the global community economically, , politically, and culturally. So it is imperative that she review and if necessary change her traditional perception of orthodoxy.